{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:53:20Z","timestamp":1780412000030,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T08:17:30Z","timestamp":1561623450000},"page":"950-961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Towards Quantifying Carrion Biomass in Ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Philip S.","family":"Barton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maldwyn J.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire N.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Pechal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph K.","family":"Bump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.-Martina","family":"Quaggiotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Eric","family":"Benbow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00606.x","article-title":"Detritus, trophic dynamics and biodiversity","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13247","article-title":"Consequences of biodiversity loss for litter decomposition across biomes","volume":"509","author":"Handa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.01.010","article-title":"Diversity meets decomposition","volume":"25","author":"Gessner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2307\/3545942","article-title":"Separating the effects of litter quality and microenvironment on decomposition rates in a patterned peatland","volume":"77","author":"Belyea","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecm.1331","article-title":"Necrobiome framework for bridging decomposition ecology of autotrophically- and heterotrophically-derived organic matter","volume":"89","author":"Benbow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-012-2460-3","article-title":"The role of carrion in maintaining biodiversity and ecological processes in terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"171","author":"Barton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-009-9274-0","article-title":"Ungulate carcasses perforate ecological filters and create biogeochemical hotspots in forest herbaceous layers allowing trees a competitive advantage","volume":"12","author":"Bump","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12673","article-title":"Both rare and common species support ecosystem services in scavenger communities","volume":"26","author":"Mateo-Tomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3840","article-title":"Effects of vulture exclusion on carrion consumption by facultative scavengers","volume":"8","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12395","article-title":"Insect biodiversity meets ecosystem function: differential effects of habitat and insects on carrion decomposition","volume":"42","author":"Barton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01566.x","article-title":"Biomass transformation webs provide a unified approach to consumer-resource modelling","volume":"14","author":"Getz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103114","article-title":"Periodical cicadas as resource pulses in North American forests","volume":"306","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7647","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614778114","article-title":"Annual mass drownings of the Serengeti wildebeest migration influence nutrient cycling and storage in the Mara River","volume":"114","author":"Subalusky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414894112","article-title":"Recent shifts in the occurrence, cause, and magnitude of animal mass mortality events","volume":"112","author":"Fey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2012.20353.x","article-title":"Carrion cycling in food webs: comparisons among terrestrial and marine ecosystems","volume":"121","author":"Beasley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0972.1","article-title":"Carrion decomposition and nutrient cycling in a semiarid shrub-steppe ecosystem","volume":"79","author":"Parmenter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.10.006","article-title":"Meta-ecosystems 2.0: rooting the theory into the field","volume":"33","author":"Gounand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1086\/285858","article-title":"Linking marine and terrestrial food webs: allochthonous input from the ocean supports high secondary productivity on small islands and coastal land communities","volume":"147","author":"Polis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2018.02.010","article-title":"Seal carrion is a predictable resource for coastal ecosystems","volume":"88","author":"Quaggiotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Oecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7811","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07811","article-title":"Supplanting ecosystem services provided by scavengers raises greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"5","author":"Morales-Reyes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201079","article-title":"Impacts of salmon on riparian plant diversity","volume":"331","author":"Hocking","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2018.0388","article-title":"Special delivery: scavengers direct seed dispersal towards ungulate carcasses","volume":"14","author":"Steyaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.02222","article-title":"Carcass size shapes the structure and functioning of an African scavenging assemblage","volume":"124","author":"Mole\u00f3n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0120","series-title":"Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems","author":"Swift","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6506","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711842115","article-title":"The biomass distribution on Earth","volume":"115","author":"Bar-On","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0130","first-page":"237","article-title":"Estimates of ungulate biomass in the thornbush savanna north and west of the Serengeti steppe in East Africa following a new procedure and remarks on the biomass of other herbivorous species","volume":"18","author":"Hendrichs","year":"1970","journal-title":"Saugetierk. Mitt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2307\/2989676","article-title":"On biomass and trophic structure of the central amazonian rain forest ecosystem","volume":"5","author":"Fittkau","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0140","first-page":"108","article-title":"Relationships between structure and function in the ecosystem","volume":"12","author":"Odum","year":"1962","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2011.19588.x","article-title":"Lake-derived midges increase abundance of shoreline terrestrial arthropods via multiple trophic pathways","volume":"121","author":"Dreyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.4.589","article-title":"Decaying invertebrate carcasses increase growth of Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) when leaf litter resources are limiting","volume":"44","author":"Harshaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0276-0","article-title":"Interactions between a detrital resource pulse and a detritivore community","volume":"147","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-015-1819-4","article-title":"Moose (Alces alces) hunters subsidize the scavenger community in Alaska","volume":"39","author":"Lafferty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0704.1","article-title":"Quantifying aquatic insect deposition from lake to land","volume":"96","author":"Dreyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.10.4382","article-title":"Extraordinarily high spider densities on islands: flow of energy from the marine to terrestrial food webs and the absence of predation","volume":"92","author":"Polis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-006-0159-1","article-title":"Cadaver decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"94","author":"Carter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtn002","article-title":"Rates of litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems: global patterns and controlling factors","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1139\/f05-113","article-title":"A new perspective on the importance of marine-derived nutrients to threatened stocks of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)","volume":"62","author":"Scheuerell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1991.36.5.0976","article-title":"Nutrient cycling in a freshwater marsh: the decomposition of fish and waterfowl carrion","volume":"36","author":"Parmenter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.05.035","article-title":"The effect of body size on the rate of decomposition in a temperate region of South Africa","volume":"231","author":"Sutherland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-0965-5","article-title":"Effect of body mass and clothing on decomposition of pig carcasses","volume":"128","author":"Matuszewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.12.011","article-title":"Scavenging: how carnivores and carrion structure communities","volume":"26","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.2307\/1934999","article-title":"A summer carrion study of the baby pig Sus scrofa Linnaeus","volume":"46","author":"Payne","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0215","first-page":"369","article-title":"Marine carrion and scavengers","volume":"32","author":"Britton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oceanogr. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4920","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00957-14","article-title":"Vertebrate decomposition is accelerated by soil microbes","volume":"80","author":"Lauber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02616","article-title":"Temporal and spatial impact of human cadaver decomposition on soil bacterial and arthropod community structure and function","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad2646","article-title":"Microbial community assembly and metabolic function during mammalian corpse decomposition","volume":"351","author":"Metcalf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1890\/09-0292.1","article-title":"Wolves modulate soil nutrient heterogeneity and foliar nitrogen by configuring the distribution of ungulate carcasses","volume":"90","author":"Bump","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1537","article-title":"Substantial long-term effects of carcass addition on soil and plants in a grassy eucalypt woodland","volume":"7","author":"Barton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2307\/3543383","article-title":"Patterns of carbon dioxide evolution from decaying carrion. 1. Decomposition of small mammal carrion in temperate systems","volume":"31","author":"Putman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2307\/3543384","article-title":"Flow of energy and organic matter from a carcass during decomposition. 2. Decomposition of small mammal carrion in temperate systems","volume":"31","author":"Putman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1139\/f06-110","article-title":"Consumption and distribution of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) nutrients and energy by terrestrial flies","volume":"63","author":"Hocking","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fooweb.2018.e00110","article-title":"Nutrient and moisture transfer to insect consumers and soil during vertebrate decomposition","volume":"18","author":"Barton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Webs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0265","first-page":"311","article-title":"Ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor","volume":"41","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oceanogr. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2004.02.007","article-title":"Simulating the effects of wolf-elk population dynamics on resource flow to scavengers","volume":"177","author":"Wilmers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2013.10.042","article-title":"Carrion decomposition causes large and lasting effects on soil amino acid and peptide flux","volume":"69","author":"Macdonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1086\/282591","article-title":"Turnover ratio in production ecology of freshwater invertebrates","volume":"103","author":"Waters","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60235-4","article-title":"Secondary production in inland waters","volume":"10","author":"Waters","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.289","article-title":"Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology: the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs","volume":"28","author":"Polis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12005","article-title":"Facultative predation and scavenging by mammalian carnivores: seasonal, regional and intra-guild comparisons","volume":"44","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mammal Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.01094.x","article-title":"Predicting the influence of wolf-provided carrion on scavenger community dynamics under climate change scenarios","volume":"12","author":"Wilmers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1220097","article-title":"Fear of predation slows plant-litter decomposition","volume":"336","author":"Hawlena","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2003.00766.x","article-title":"Trophic facilitation by introduced top predators: grey wolf subsidies to scavengers in Yellowstone National Park","volume":"72","author":"Wilmers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/ecm.1313","article-title":"Diel predator activity drives a dynamic landscape of fear","volume":"88","author":"Kohl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aas8694","article-title":"A landscape of disgust","volume":"359","author":"Weinstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.03.007","article-title":"Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology","volume":"22","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300005820","article-title":"Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering","volume":"4","author":"Behrensmeyer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1890\/12-0272.1","article-title":"Spatial fidelity of skeletal remains: elk wintering and calving grounds revealed by bones on the Yellowstone landscape","volume":"93","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1968.13.4.0569","article-title":"A simple method of assessing annual production of stream benthos","volume":"13","author":"Hynes","year":"1968","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1987.32.1.0001","article-title":"The theory of secondary production calculations for continuously reproducing populations","volume":"32","author":"Kimmerer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1139\/f71-236","article-title":"Relation between production and biomass","volume":"28","author":"Allen","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res. Board Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.2307\/1932179","article-title":"Energy storage and balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems","volume":"44","author":"Olson","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.08.110177.000411","article-title":"Carbon balance in terrestrial detritus","volume":"8","author":"Schlesinger","year":"1977","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008851","article-title":"Prairie vegetation and soil nutrient responses to ungulate carcasses","volume":"122","author":"Towne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2307\/3645","article-title":"Dynamics of the blowfly, Calliphoraerythrocephala, within carrion","volume":"46","author":"Putman","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2007.00175.x","article-title":"Determining spatial and temporal scales for management: lessons from whaling","volume":"24","author":"Clapham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020248","article-title":"Can wild ungulate carcasses provide enough biomass to maintain avian scavenger populations? An empirical assessment using a bio-inspired computational model","volume":"6","author":"Margalida","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00753","article-title":"Modelling the effects of sanitary policies on European vulture conservation","volume":"2","author":"Margalida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12833","article-title":"Evaluation of the network of protection areas for the feeding of scavengers in Spain: from biodiversity conservation to greenhouse gas emission savings","volume":"54","author":"Morales-Reyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10384","article-title":"Mass mortality of a dominant invasive species in response to an extreme climate event: implications for ecosystem function","volume":"62","author":"McDowell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205106","article-title":"Trophic downgrading of planet earth","volume":"333","author":"Estes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8901.2004.00985.x","article-title":"The management of wild large herbivores to meet economic, conservation and environmental objectives","volume":"41","author":"Gordon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725","article-title":"Ecological impacts of deer overabundance","volume":"35","author":"Cote","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07238-2","article-title":"Cross-ecosystem carbon flows connecting ecosystems worldwide","volume":"9","author":"Gounand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.01994.x","article-title":"Experimental reduction of native vertebrate grazing and addition of logs benefit beetle diversity at multiple scales","volume":"48","author":"Barton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1071\/BT14246","article-title":"Restoration of eucalypt grassy woodland: effects of experimental interventions on ground-layer vegetation","volume":"62","author":"McIntyre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0606.1","article-title":"Behavioral adjustments of African herbivores to predation risk by lions: spatiotemporal variations influence habitat use","volume":"90","author":"Valeix","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0765.1","article-title":"Predator-specific landscapes of fear and resource distribution: effects on spatial range use","volume":"90","author":"Willems","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1139\/z01-094","article-title":"Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the \u201clandscape of fear\u201d in Yellowstone National Park, USA","volume":"79","author":"Laundre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12277","article-title":"Environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa, biomes and spatial scales","volume":"17","author":"Stein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169534719301661?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169534719301661?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T13:14:30Z","timestamp":1759238070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169534719301661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0169534719301661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-5347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-5347","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Towards Quantifying Carrion Biomass in Ecosystems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2019.06.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}