{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:49:23Z","timestamp":1792093763073,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#32571934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#32571934"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017596","name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# 2025JC-YBMS-209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 2025JC-YBMS-209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017596","name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# 2026JC-YXQN-089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 2026JC-YXQN-089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Ecology & Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:31:52Z","timestamp":1791981112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From \u2018magic traits\u2019 to diversification mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2019-8996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Freckleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2307\/2412748","article-title":"Expected asymmetry of phylogenetic trees","volume":"25","author":"Farris","year":"1976","journal-title":"Syst. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12957","article-title":"Trait-based species richness: ecology and macroevolution","volume":"98","author":"Wiens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14170","article-title":"Trait-dependent diversification in angiosperms: patterns, models and data","volume":"26","author":"Helmstetter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2005)031[0077:KICASM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Key innovations, convergence, and success: macroevolutionary lessons from plant phylogeny","volume":"31","author":"Donoghue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13367","article-title":"Confluence, synnovation, and depauperons in plant diversification","volume":"207","author":"Donoghue","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032254","article-title":"Ecological opportunity and adaptive radiation","volume":"47","author":"Stroud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-75790-3","article-title":"Synnovation and confluence explain disparities in species richness across the Andes and Hengduan-Himalaya Mountains","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(97)01273-1","article-title":"Key innovations and the ecology of macroevolution","volume":"13","author":"Hunter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syp067","article-title":"Estimating trait-dependent speciation and extinction rates from incompletely resolved phylogenies","volume":"58","author":"FitzJohn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120310","article-title":"The role of animal pollination in plant speciation: integrating ecology, geography, and genetics","volume":"40","author":"Kay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106362","article-title":"Opposing effects of plant traits on diversification","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0060","series-title":"Specialization, Speciation, and Radiation: The Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects","first-page":"203","article-title":"The oscillation hypothesis of host-plant range and speciation","author":"Janz","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2417408121","article-title":"Insects decline with host plants but coextinctions may be limited","volume":"121","author":"Bassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0070","article-title":"Specialization and generalization in the diversification of phytophagous insects: tests of the musical chairs and oscillation hypotheses","volume":"281","author":"Hardy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2307\/1943013","article-title":"The evolution of flightlessness in insects","volume":"60","author":"Roff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522931113","article-title":"Predictable evolution toward flightlessness in volant island birds","volume":"113","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62124-y","article-title":"Evolutionary age correlates with range size across plants and animals","volume":"16","author":"Alzate","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-024-02484-8","article-title":"Generalism in species interactions is more the consequence than the cause of ecological success","volume":"8","author":"Hurtado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07263-w","article-title":"Hybrid speciation driven by multilocus introgression of ecological traits","volume":"628","author":"Rosser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syaa045","article-title":"Modeling phylogenetic biome shifts on a planet with a past","volume":"70","author":"Landis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1234","article-title":"Predicting extinction risk in declining species","volume":"267","author":"Purvis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70171","article-title":"Can macroevolution inform contemporary extinction risk?","volume":"28","author":"Weil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2176-1","article-title":"Extant timetrees are consistent with a myriad of diversification histories","volume":"580","author":"Louca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy089","article-title":"A general method for simultaneously accounting for phylogenetic and species sampling uncertainty via Rubin\u2019s rules in comparative analysis","volume":"68","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb6095","article-title":"Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds","volume":"6","author":"Sayol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.04.066","article-title":"Why extinction estimates from extant phylogenies are so often zero","volume":"31","author":"Louca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2022.02.004","article-title":"Studying speciation and extinction dynamics from phylogenies: addressing identifiability issues","volume":"37","author":"Morlon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syu024","article-title":"Standard sister clade comparison fails when testing derived character states","volume":"63","author":"K\u00e4fer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syu070","article-title":"The unsolved challenge to phylogenetic correlation tests for categorical characters","volume":"64","author":"Maddison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07677-x","article-title":"Unifying host-associated diversification processes using butterfly-plant networks","volume":"9","author":"Braga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0155","first-page":"3735","article-title":"Host shifts and evolutionary radiations of butterflies","volume":"277","author":"Fordyce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3636","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6116","article-title":"Do major host shifts spark diversification in butterflies?","volume":"10","author":"Kaczvinsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syae061","article-title":"Rapid evolution of host repertoire and geographic range in a young and diverse genus of montane butterflies","volume":"74","author":"Mo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.10344","article-title":"Speciation rates are unrelated to the formation of population structure in Malagasy gemsnakes","volume":"13","author":"Burbrink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03771-5","article-title":"Geographic isolation drives speciation in Nearctic aphids","volume":"5","author":"Hardy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syae011","article-title":"The sequential direct and indirect effects of mountain uplift, climatic niche, and floral trait evolution on diversification dynamics in an Andean plant clade","volume":"73","author":"Dellinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-024-02438-0","article-title":"Heterogeneous selectivity and morphological evolution of marine clades during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syu131","article-title":"Model inadequacy and mistaken inferences of trait-dependent speciation","volume":"64","author":"Rabosky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syw022","article-title":"Detecting hidden diversification shifts in models of trait-dependent speciation and extinction","volume":"65","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-75829-5","article-title":"Unidentifiability and false-positive inference in state-dependent diversification models","volume":"17","author":"Tarasov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2022.10.013","article-title":"Cross-disciplinary information for understanding macroevolution","volume":"38","author":"Liow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0210","article-title":"Fossils improve extinction-rate estimates under state-dependent diversification models","volume":"380","author":"Do Rosario Petrucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syab016","article-title":"A new method for integrating ecological niche modeling with phylogenetics to estimate ancestral distributions","volume":"70","author":"Guillory","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syad018","article-title":"Identifying climatic drivers of hybridization with a new ancestral niche reconstruction method","volume":"72","author":"Folk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1086\/343873","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis and comparative data: a test and review of evidence","volume":"160","author":"Freckleton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14076","article-title":"Identifying direct and indirect associations among traits by merging phylogenetic comparative methods and structural equation models","volume":"14","author":"Thorson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syx055","article-title":"Multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods: evaluations, comparisons, and recommendations","volume":"67","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.70001","article-title":"Multi-response phylogenetic mixed models: concepts and application","volume":"100","author":"Halliwell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syx066","article-title":"Phylogenetic factor analysis","volume":"67","author":"Tolkoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102221-050754","article-title":"A guided tour of phylogenetic comparative methods for studying trait evolution","volume":"55","author":"Cornwallis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-023-02116-7","article-title":"Conceptual and empirical bridges between micro- and macroevolution","volume":"7","author":"Rolland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."}],"container-title":["Trends in Ecology & Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169534726002442?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169534726002442?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:26:45Z","timestamp":1792092405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169534726002442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0169534726002442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-5347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-5347","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"From \u2018magic traits\u2019 to diversification mechanisms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2026.09.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}