{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:10:48Z","timestamp":1780582248278,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,15]],"date-time":"2004-12-15T15:29:33Z","timestamp":1103124573000},"page":"178-195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Spatial and temporal variation in biting rates and parasite transmission potentials of onchocerciasis vectors in Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"J.C.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Brackenboro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.H.","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.-G.","family":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.C.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib1","series-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research","author":"Armitage","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib2","first-page":"286","article-title":"Seasonal variation in onchocerciasis transmission in the Santiago focus of Ecuador","volume":"41","author":"Arzube","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0433","article-title":"Population biology of human onchocerciasis","volume":"354","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02013-X","article-title":"Models for the population biology and control of human onchocerciasis","volume":"17","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000078586","article-title":"Density-dependent processes in the transmission of human onchocerciasis: intensity of microfilariae in the skin and their uptake by the simuliid host","volume":"108","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000064751","article-title":"Density-dependent processes in the transmission of human onchocerciasis: relationship between the numbers of microfilariae ingested and successful larval development in the simuliid vector","volume":"110","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200006649X","article-title":"Density-dependent processes in the transmission of human onchocerciasis: relationship between microfilarial intake and mortality of the simuliid vector","volume":"113","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.5.745","article-title":"Determination of sample sizes for the estimation of Onchocerca volvulus (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) infection rates in biting populations of Simulium ochraceum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) and its application to ivermectin control programs","volume":"35","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005429","article-title":"Onchocerca-Simulium complexes in Venezuela: can human onchocerciasis spread outside its present endemic areas?","volume":"120","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.669","article-title":"Transmission intensity and the patterns of Onchocerca volvulus infection in human communities","volume":"67","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49891998000600002","article-title":"The Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas: a history of partnership","volume":"3","author":"Blanks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud Publica."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00694.x","article-title":"Distribution and taxonomic status of chromosomal forms of the onchocerciasis vector Simulium exiguum in central Ecuador","volume":"7","author":"Charalambous","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.72","article-title":"Onchocerciasis transmission potentials of four species of Guatemalan Simuliidae","volume":"28","author":"Collins","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib14","first-page":"235","article-title":"Quantitative aspects of the infection of Simulium ochraceum by Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"28","author":"Collins","year":"1977","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.728","article-title":"Seasonal trends and diurnal patterns of man-biting activity of four species of Guatemalan blackflies (Simuliidae)","volume":"30","author":"Collins","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.213","article-title":"Vector competence of Simulium exiguum for Onchocerca volvulus: implications for the epidemiology of onchocerciasis","volume":"52","author":"Collins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.170","article-title":"The effects of repetitive community-wide ivermectin treatment on transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in Guatemala","volume":"47","author":"Cupp","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803235002254","article-title":"Experimental studies on the transmission of Onchocerca volvulus by its vector in the Sanaga valley (Cameroon): Simulium squamosum B. Intake and migration of the microfilariae to the haemocoel of the vector","volume":"97","author":"Demanou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.37.010192.000245","article-title":"The analysis of parasite transmission by bloodsucking insects","volume":"37","author":"Dye","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2307\/2403941","article-title":"Measuring the capacity of blackflies as vectors of onchocerciasis: Simulium damnosum s.l. in southwest Sudan","volume":"23","author":"Dye","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. App. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90199-9","article-title":"Population dynamics of mosquito-borne disease: effects of flies which bite some people more frequently than others","volume":"80","author":"Dye","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib22","first-page":"13","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus infection in Simulium guianense s.l. using the O-150 polymerase chain reaction assay","volume":"18","author":"Gowtage-Sequeira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Br. Simuliid Group"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib23","first-page":"8","article-title":"Aspects of the vectorial competence of onchocerciasis vectors in the Amazonian focus of southern Venezuela before and during ivermectin distribution","volume":"15","author":"Grillet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Br. Simuliid Group"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.4.520","article-title":"Human onchocerciasis in the Amazonian area of southern Venezuela: spatial and temporal variations in biting and parity rates of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) vectors","volume":"38","author":"Grillet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-158.x","article-title":"Successful control of onchocerciasis with community-based ivermectin distribution in the Rio Santiago focus in Ecuador","volume":"2","author":"Guderian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.222","article-title":"Entomological evaluation by pool screen polymerase chain reaction of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in Ecuador following mass Mectizan distribution","volume":"68","author":"Guevara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.5.1414","article-title":"Determining the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in vector populations by polymerase chain reaction screening of pools of black flies","volume":"172","author":"Katholi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Inf. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02116-X","article-title":"Why are some people bitten more than others?","volume":"17","author":"Kelly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib29","series-title":"Essential Medical Statistics","author":"Kirkwood","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib30","first-page":"646","article-title":"Method of statistical differentials","volume":"vol 8","author":"Kotz","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/2529046","article-title":"Estimation of relative risk from individually matched series","volume":"26","author":"Miettinen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib32","first-page":"183","article-title":"The fate and migration of microfilariae of a Guatemalan strain of Onchocerca volvulus in Simulium ochraceum and S. metallicum, and the role of the buccopharyngeal armature in the destruction of microfilariae","volume":"26","author":"Omar","year":"1975","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.38.142","article-title":"Biting activity of blackflies in Guatemala: parity rates and differences between localities and habitats","volume":"38","author":"Porter","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.38.153","article-title":"Seasonality of adult blackflies and Onchocerca volvulus transmission in Guatemala","volume":"38","author":"Porter","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.39.567","article-title":"Vector density, parasite prevalence, and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in Guatemala","volume":"39","author":"Porter","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00512.x","article-title":"Structure and function of the cibarial armature in Simuliidae","volume":"8","author":"Reid","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1987.11812116","article-title":"Studies on the dynamics of transmission of onchocerciasis in a Sudan-savanna area of North Cameroon. II. Seasonal and diurnal changes in the biting densities and in the age-composition of the vector population","volume":"81","author":"Renz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1987.11812117","article-title":"Studies on the dynamics of transmission of onchocerciasis in a Sudan-savanna area of North Cameroon. III. Infection rates of the Simulium vectors and Onchocerca volvulus transmission potentials","volume":"81","author":"Renz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib39","first-page":"344","article-title":"Vectorial capacity of Simulium damnosum s.l. populations in Cameroon","volume":"38","author":"Renz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02112-2","article-title":"Control of onchocerciasis today: status and challenges","volume":"17","author":"Richards","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005107","article-title":"Detection of Onchocerca volvulus in Simulium ochraceum sensu lato: comparison of a PCR assay and fly dissection in a Mexican hypoendemic community","volume":"119","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90373-6","article-title":"Studies on the biology of Simuliidae (Diptera) at the Santiago focus in Ecuador, with special reference to the vectors and disease transmission","volume":"79","author":"Shelley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib43","first-page":"79","article-title":"The Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Santiago onchocerciasis focus of Ecuador","volume":"58","author":"Shelley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib44","first-page":"1145","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus development in four Simulium exiguum cytospecies in Ecuador","volume":"8","author":"Shelley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Fr. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.1.83","article-title":"The uptake of Onchocerca volvulus (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) by Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) is not strongly dependent on the density of skin microfilariae in the human host","volume":"41","author":"Soumbey-Alley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib46","series-title":"A Comparative Study on Onchocerciasis between South and Central Americas","first-page":"83","article-title":"Studies on the role of three anthropophilic blackfly species as the vector of human onchocerciasis in Ecuador","author":"Takaoka","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.41.460","article-title":"The status of ivermectin in the treatment of human onchocerciasis","volume":"41","author":"Taylor","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib48","unstructured":"Vieira J.C., 1995. Ovarian development and vector competency of Simulium exiguum for Onchocerca volvulus. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1937.tb05042.x","article-title":"The use of logarithms in the interpretation of certain entomological problems","volume":"24","author":"Williams","year":"1937","journal-title":"Ann. App. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib50","unstructured":"WHO, 2000. Criteria for certification of interruption of transmission\/elimination of human onchocerciasis. Report of a meeting held in Geneva, 28\u201329 September 2000. World Health Organization, Geneva."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.124","article-title":"Pool screen polymerase chain reaction for estimating the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in Simulium damnosum sensu lato: results of a field trial in an area subject to successful vector control","volume":"60","author":"Yam\u00e9ogo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/99\/3\/178\/5386516\/99-3-178.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T21:08:28Z","timestamp":1546376908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0035920304002263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}}}