{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:42:31Z","timestamp":1791258151061,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,15]],"date-time":"2005-09-15T14:15:38Z","timestamp":1126793738000},"page":"883-892","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Does longevity of adult Wuchereria bancrofti increase with decreasing intensity of parasite transmission? Insights from clinical observations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Gerusa","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Addiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Nor\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.753","article-title":"Live adult worms detected by ultrasonography in human bancroftian filariasis","volume":"50","author":"Amaral","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2307\/3933","article-title":"Regulation and stability of host\u2013parasite population interactions","volume":"47","author":"Anderson","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(88)90067-7","article-title":"Regulation of Haemonchus contortus populations in sheep: mortality of established worms","volume":"18","author":"Barger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(85)90049-9","article-title":"Regulation of Haemonchus contortus populations in sheep exposed to continuous infection","volume":"15","author":"Barger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-194604000-00001","article-title":"The course of filariasis after removal from an endemic area","volume":"211","author":"Behm","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021309","article-title":"Mass treatment to eliminate filariasis in Papua New Guinea","volume":"347","author":"Bockarie","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2003000500028","article-title":"Situa\u00e7\u00e3o da filariose bancroftiana na regi\u00e3o metropolitana do Recife: estudo em uma \u00e1rea end\u00eamica no munic\u00edpio de Jaboat\u00e3o dos Guararapes, Pernambuco","volume":"19","author":"Bonfim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brasil. Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(76)90005-5","article-title":"Some observations on filariasis in Western Samoa after mass administration of diethylcarbamazine","volume":"70","author":"Bryan","year":"1976","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.53","article-title":"Longevity of Wuchereria bancrofti var pacifica and mosquito infection acquired from a patient with low level parasitemia","volume":"28","author":"Carme","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib10","first-page":"625","article-title":"Demonstration of macrofilaricidal action of hetrazan, antimony and arsenic preparations in man","volume":"83","author":"Ch\u2019en","year":"1964","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1969.18.369","article-title":"A filariasis-control program in American Samoa","volume":"18","author":"Ciferri","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib12","first-page":"17","article-title":"Filariasis and malaria: Marine Barracks, Klamath Falls","volume":"1","author":"Coggeshall","year":"1944","journal-title":"Oregon. Trop. Med. News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1952.1.474","article-title":"Filariasis residuals in veterans with a report of a case of microfilaremia","volume":"1","author":"Conn","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1991.tb00282.x","article-title":"Age-specific acquisition of immunity to infective larvae in a bancroftian filariasis endemic area of Papua New Guinea","volume":"13","author":"Day","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90140-2","article-title":"Acute attacks in the extremities of persons living in an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis: differentiation of two syndromes","volume":"93","author":"Dreyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01778-6","article-title":"Pathogenesis of lymphatic disease in bancroftian filariasis: a clinical perspective","volume":"16","author":"Dreyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90288-9","article-title":"Progression of lymphatic vessel dilatation in the presence of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti","volume":"96","author":"Dreyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90132-5","article-title":"Density-dependent parasite establishment suggests infection-associated immunosuppression as an important mechanism for parasite density regulation in onchocerciasis","volume":"97","author":"Duerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00682.x","article-title":"The impact of 34 years of massive DEC chemotherapy on infection and transmission: the Maupiti cohort","volume":"6","author":"Esterre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib20","first-page":"461","article-title":"Follow-up investigations on clinical manifestations after filariasis eradication by diethylcarbamazine medicated common salt on Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands, Republic of China","volume":"98","author":"Fan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90138-8","article-title":"Histological evidence for the adulticidal effect of low doses of diethycarbamazine in bancroftian filariasis","volume":"90","author":"Figueredo-Silva","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125001348","article-title":"Histopathology of bancroftian filariasis revisited: the role of the adult worm in the lymphatic vessel disease","volume":"96","author":"Figueredo-Silva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib23","first-page":"578","article-title":"Spontaneous disappearance of microfilaria Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti in infected patients living in a non-endemic area","volume":"2","author":"Guptavanij","year":"1971","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.52.11_1","article-title":"Entomology of the filariasis control program in Samoa, Aedes polynesiensis and Ae. samoanus","volume":"52","author":"Ichimori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib25","first-page":"26","article-title":"Filariasis in American Samoa I. Loss of microfilaria in the absence of continued reinfection","volume":"18","author":"Jachowski","year":"1951","journal-title":"P. Helminthol. Soc. Washington"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005153","article-title":"Vector survival and parasite infection: the effect of Wuchereria bancrofti on its vector Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"129","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib27","first-page":"355","article-title":"Microfilaraemia in Surinamese living in Amsterdam","volume":"14","author":"Leeuwin","year":"1962","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.41.429","article-title":"Uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex quinquefasciatus that fed on Haitian carriers with different microfilaria densities","volume":"41","author":"Lowrie","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.2796-2804.2002","article-title":"Differential cytokine and antibody responses to adult and larval stages of Onchocerca volvulus consistent with the development of concomitant immunity","volume":"70","author":"MacDonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X1994000800008","article-title":"Estudo comparativo de \u00e1reas end\u00eamicas de filariose bancroftiana na Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana do Recife, Brasil","volume":"10","author":"Maciel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761996000400011","article-title":"Epidemiological study of bancroftian filariasis in Recife, Northeastern Brazil","volume":"91","author":"Maciel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.629","article-title":"Filariasis in Samoan immigrants to the United States","volume":"19","author":"Mahoney","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(91)90093-4","article-title":"Immunological tolerance: the key feature in human filariasis?","volume":"7","author":"Maizels","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1183","article-title":"Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Maizels","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00191.x","article-title":"Helminth parasites \u2014 masters of regulation","volume":"201","author":"Maizels","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib36","first-page":"214","article-title":"Wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial density of autochthonous cases and natural Culex infectivity rates in Northeast Brazil","volume":"95","author":"Medeiros","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066646","article-title":"Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"112","author":"Michael","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2001.00398.x","article-title":"Transmission intensity and the immunoepidemiology of bancroftian filariasis in East Africa","volume":"23","author":"Michael","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90478-2","article-title":"Occurrence of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in the scrotal area of men with microfilaremia","volume":"90","author":"Nor\u00f5es","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65862-2","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evidence of abnormal lymphatic vessels in young men with adult Wuchereria bancrofti infection in the scrotal area","volume":"156","author":"Nor\u00f5es","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90405-3","article-title":"Assessment of the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine on adult Wuchereria bancrofti in vivo","volume":"91","author":"Nor\u00f5es","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)80029-9","article-title":"Filarial hydrocoele: risk associated with intrascrotal nodules caused by death of adult Wuchereria bancrofti","volume":"97","author":"Nor\u00f5es","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.3.341","article-title":"Efficacy of diethylcarbamazine in eradicating infection with lymphatic-dwelling filariae in humans","volume":"7","author":"Ottesen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib44","first-page":"217","article-title":"The long term effects of repeated diethylcarbamazine administration with special reference to microfilaraemia and elephantiasis","volume":"38","author":"Partono","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-002-0157-7","article-title":"Protective immunity in human lymphatic filariasis: problems and prospects","volume":"192","author":"Ravindran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821999000300022","article-title":"Controlling morbidity and interrupting transmission: twin pillars of lymphatic filariasis elimination","volume":"32","author":"Seim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90096-U","article-title":"Factors affecting transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 4. Facilitation, limitation, proportionality and their epidemiological significance","volume":"86","author":"Southgate","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004004822","article-title":"The dynamics of Wuchereria bancrofti infection: a model-based analysis of longitudinal data from Pondicherry","volume":"128","author":"Subramanian","year":"2004","journal-title":"India. Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1963.12.877","article-title":"Reevaluation of World War II veterans with filariasis acquired in the South Pacific","volume":"12","author":"Trent","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90399-4","article-title":"Estimation of age-specific rates of acquisition and loss of Wuchereria bancrofti infection","volume":"83","author":"Vanamail","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib51","first-page":"293","article-title":"Estimation of fecundic lifespan of Wuchereria bancrofti from longitudinal study of human infection in an endemic area of Pondicherry (South India)","volume":"91","author":"Vanamail","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(77)90037-2","article-title":"The natural decline of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in a vector control situation in the Solomon Islands","volume":"71","author":"Webber","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib53","first-page":"149","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis","volume":"76","author":"WHO","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006_bib54","unstructured":"WHO\/WPRO, 2003. Editorial Board of Control of Lymphatic Filariasis in China, in: Control of Lymphatic Filariasis in China. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Geneva."}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/99\/12\/883\/5432735\/99-12-883.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T14:14:26Z","timestamp":1586441666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0035920305001318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}}}