{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:33:03Z","timestamp":1791297183824,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,4]],"date-time":"2006-07-04T15:12:31Z","timestamp":1152025951000},"page":"1135-1145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["A preliminary neuropathological study of Japanese encephalitis in humans and a mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Allison C.","family":"German","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khin Saw Aye","family":"Myint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thi Hoang","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Pomeroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Hoan","family":"Phu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Tzartos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Collett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Farrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Kipar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Esiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib1","series-title":"Viral Encephalitis in Humans","author":"Booss","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/94.3.411","article-title":"An electron microscopic study of Langat virus encephalitis in mice","volume":"94","author":"Boulton","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050486","article-title":"Vascular changes in the cerebral cortex in HIV-1 infection. II. An immunohistochemical and lectinhistochemical investigation","volume":"92","author":"Buttner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-76-11-2757","article-title":"Passage of Japanese encephalitis virus in HeLa cells results in attenuation of virulence in mice","volume":"76","author":"Cao","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1197","article-title":"Mechanism of neuroinvasion of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the mouse","volume":"208","author":"Charles","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.61","article-title":"A new genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus from Indonesia","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00309631","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus antigen in the human brain and its topographic distribution","volume":"89","author":"Desai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.4.685","article-title":"Entry of neurotropic arboviruses into the central nervous system: an in vitro study using mouse brain endothelium","volume":"161","author":"Dropulic","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib9","first-page":"646","article-title":"Human eastern equine encephalitis: immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure","volume":"12","author":"Garen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2004.04.008","article-title":"Clinicopathologic study and laboratory diagnosis of 23 cases with West Nile virus encephalomyelitis","volume":"35","author":"Guarner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02915109","article-title":"Virus-neuron interactions in the mouse brain infected with Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"64","author":"Hase","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virchows Arch. B. Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib12","first-page":"857","article-title":"Comparative study of mouse brains infected with Japanese encephalitis virus by intracerebral or intraperitoneal inoculation","volume":"71","author":"Hase","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib13","first-page":"493","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes of mouse-brain neurons infected with Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"71","author":"Hase","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01319002","article-title":"Comparison of replication rates and pathogenicities between the Sa-14 parent and Sa-14-14-2 vaccine strains of Japanese encephalitis virus in mouse brain neurons","volume":"130","author":"Hase","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050289b","article-title":"Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease","volume":"11","author":"Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib16","first-page":"322","article-title":"Relation of the peripheral multiplication of Japanese B encephalitis virus to the pathogenesis of the infection in mice","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1136(200102)33:2<169::AID-GLIA1016>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Astrocytic clasmatodendrosis in hippocampal organ culture","volume":"33","author":"Hulse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.418","article-title":"An enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay to characterize dengue infections where dengue and Japanese encephalitis co-circulate","volume":"40","author":"Innis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196801042780106","article-title":"Pathogenesis of viral infections of the nervous system","volume":"278","author":"Johnson","year":"1968","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410180510","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis \u2013 immunocytochemical studies of viral antigen and inflammatory cells in fatal cases","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.38-3-350","article-title":"Bilateral focal cerebral angiomatosis associated with nervous signs in a cat","volume":"38","author":"Kipar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib22","first-page":"768","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study on Japanese B encephalitis","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410051130","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus is transported across the cerebral blood vessels by endocytosis in mouse brain","volume":"293","author":"Liou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1144","article-title":"Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses","volume":"10","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64885-7","article-title":"Axonal injury in cerebral malaria","volume":"160","author":"Medana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01117243","article-title":"Induction of membrane proliferation in mouse CNS by gold sodium thiomalate with reference to increased virulence of the avirulent Semliki Forest virus","volume":"10","author":"Mehta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib27","first-page":"153","article-title":"The pathology of Japanese encephalitis. A review","volume":"30","author":"Miyake","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib28","first-page":"399","article-title":"Mode of entry of a neurotropic arbovirus into the central nervous system","volume":"48","author":"Monath","year":"1983","journal-title":"Reinvestigation of an old controversy. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib29","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Histopathological studies of brains (and other viscera) from cases of JE virus encephalitis during 1973 epidemic at Bankura","volume":"64","author":"Mukherji","year":"1976","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.338","article-title":"Production of lethal infection that resembles fatal human disease by intranasal inoculation of macaques with Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"60","author":"Myint","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90519-W","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of the virulent Sa-14 strain of Japanese encephalitis virus and its attenuated vaccine derivative, Sa-14-14-2","volume":"177","author":"Nitayaphan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1086\/383246","article-title":"The hamster as an animal model for eastern equine encephalitis \u2013 and its use in studies of virus entrance into the brain","volume":"189","author":"Paessler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(78)90123-5","article-title":"An electron-microscopic study of avirulent and virulent Semliki forest virus in the brains of different ages of mice","volume":"39","author":"Pathak","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.345","article-title":"An ultrastructural study of the brain in fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"69","author":"Pongponratn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1959.8.644","article-title":"Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. Parts I-IX","volume":"8","author":"Scherer","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib36","first-page":"431","article-title":"Autopsy study of brains during an epidemic of Japanese encephalitis in Karnataka","volume":"78","author":"Shankar","year":"1983","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib37","first-page":"900","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus vasculitis accompanied by an exuberant fibroblastic reaction in the intestine of an AIDS patient","volume":"41","author":"Shintaku","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Jpn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030476","article-title":"Flavivirus encephalitis","volume":"351","author":"Solomon","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib39","first-page":"171","article-title":"Pathogenesis and clinical features of Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus infections","volume":"vol. 267","author":"Solomon","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.2030-2034.1998","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis by using an immunoglobulin M dot enzyme immunoassay","volume":"36","author":"Solomon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf116","article-title":"Seizures and raised intracranial pressure in Vietnamese patients with Japanese encephalitis","volume":"125","author":"Solomon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12709-2","article-title":"Interferon alfa-2a in Japanese encephalitis: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Solomon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.37-3-208","article-title":"Pathology of fatal West Nile virus infections in native and exotic birds during the 1999 outbreak in New York City, New York","volume":"37","author":"Steele","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050686","article-title":"Regressive changes of astroglia in white matter lesions in cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease patients","volume":"94","author":"Tomimoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00037-2","article-title":"New initiatives for the control of Japanese encephalitis by vaccination: minutes of a WHO\/CVI meeting, Bangkok, Thailand, 13\u201315 October 1998","volume":"18","author":"Tsai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8791","article-title":"Ultrastructure and localization of E proteins in cultured neuron cells infected with Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"238","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1006","article-title":"Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of arboviral disease","volume":"2","author":"Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Micro."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6650","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.9.6650-6661.1997","article-title":"Ultrastructure of Kunjin virus-infected cells: colocalization of NS1 and NS3 with double-stranded RNA, and of NS2B with NS3, in virus-induced membrane structures","volume":"71","author":"Westaway","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64493-8","article-title":"Nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis","volume":"161","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19426-0","article-title":"A model to study neurotropism and persistency of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in human neuroblastoma cells and leukocytes","volume":"85","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008_bib51","first-page":"965","article-title":"The pathology of Japanese B encephalitis","volume":"22","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/100\/12\/1135\/5353262\/100-12-1135.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T02:42:15Z","timestamp":1587004935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0035920306001076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}}}