{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:05:42Z","timestamp":1790859942629,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,4]],"date-time":"2010-10-04T08:28:52Z","timestamp":1286180932000},"page":"787-795","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Geophagy and potential health implications: geohelminths, microbes and heavy metals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Ruth","family":"Kutalek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guenther","family":"Wewalka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Gundacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Haluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steliana","family":"Huhulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Hillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Sager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Prinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.12.1384","article-title":"Geophagia in man: its nature and nutritional effects","volume":"21","author":"Halsted","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0010","series-title":"Geophagy","author":"Laufer","year":"1930"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0015","unstructured":"Anell B, Lagercrantz S. Geophagical customs. Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia 17. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell Boktryckeri AB; 1958."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2307\/3060216","article-title":"Geophagy in the tropics. A literature review","volume":"162","author":"Abrahams","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geogr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.01.009","article-title":"Geophagy among pregnant and lactating women in Bondo District, western Kenya","volume":"98","author":"Luoba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90413-X","article-title":"Geophagy and its association with geohelminth infection in rural schoolchildren from northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"96","author":"Saathoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3366\/afr.2000.70.4.653","article-title":"The significance of earth-eating: social and cultural aspects of geophagy among Luo children","volume":"70","author":"Geissler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Africa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.1.169","article-title":"Nematode intestinal parasites of children in rural Guinea, Africa: prevalence and relationship to geophagia","volume":"28","author":"Glickman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01380.x","article-title":"Earth-eating and reinfection with intestinal helminths among pregnant and lactating women in western Kenya","volume":"10","author":"Luoba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90355-3","article-title":"Geophagy is common among Luo women in western Kenya","volume":"93","author":"Prince","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/08873638409478570","article-title":"Insect clay geophagy in Sierra Leone","volume":"4","author":"Hunter","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Cult Geogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.1992.9966056","article-title":"Cultural and medical perspectives on geophagia","volume":"13","author":"Reid","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Anth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2005.09.015","article-title":"Iron nutrition and possible lead toxicity: an appraisal of geophagy undertaken by pregnant women of UK Asian communities","volume":"21","author":"Abrahams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Geochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0765.2008.00346.x","article-title":"Function of geophagy as supplementation of micronutrients in Tanzania","volume":"55","author":"Yanai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soil Sci Plant Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3969552","article-title":"Nigerian geophagical clay: A traditional antidiarrheal pharmaceutical","volume":"227","author":"Vermeer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.2.448","article-title":"Detoxification and mineral supplementation as functions of geophagy","volume":"53","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508190274","article-title":"Clay ingestion enhances intestinal triacylglycerol hydrolysis and non-esterified fatty acid absorption","volume":"102","author":"Habold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02760.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Smectite in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea in children","volume":"23","author":"Szajewska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020542810334","article-title":"The potential impact of geophagia on the bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium in human nutrition","volume":"24","author":"Hooda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.36","article-title":"Geophagy (soil-eating) in relation to anemia and helminth infection among HIV infected pregnant women in Tanzania","volume":"80","author":"Kawai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90910-5","article-title":"Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among pregnant women on the coast of Kenya","volume":"92","author":"Geissler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.05.023","article-title":"Characterisation and analysis of persistent organic pollutants and major, minor and trace elements in Calabash chalk","volume":"57","author":"Dean","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0115","unstructured":"Food Standards Agency. Lead contamination of calabash chalk. 2002; London: Food Standards Agency; www.food.gov.uk\/enforcement\/alerts\/2002\/oct\/94151. [accessed 29 July 2008]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0120","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Nzu, traditional remedy for morning sickness. 2009; http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Safety\/MedWatch\/SafetyInformation\/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts\/ucm196045.htm. [accessed 14 July 2010]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0125","unstructured":"RIVM-RIKILT Front Office Food Safety. Risk assessment concerning dioxins and heavy metals in clay products for human consumption. 2009; http:\/\/www.vwa.nl\/txmpub\/files\/?p_file_id=42303. [accessed 14 July 2010]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024262411676","article-title":"Clay mineralogical and related characteristics of geophagic materials","volume":"29","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0135","first-page":"4","article-title":"Sikor consumption by Asian ethnic groups: an unquantified health hazard","volume":"77","author":"Middleton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fac Med Dent Bull (Univ. Birmingham)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0140","unstructured":"WHO. Calabash chalk may pose health risk for pregnant and breastfeeding women. WHO Pharm Newsl 2007, 5: 6."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.04.016","article-title":"Geophagia is not associated with Trichuris or hookworm transmission in Zanzibar, Tanzania","volume":"101","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0150","first-page":"1473","article-title":"SAF \u2013 an alternative fixation solution for parasitological stool specimens","volume":"120","author":"Marti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)30008-2","article-title":"Trichuris trichiura eggs in the neolothic glacier mummy from the Alps","volume":"12","author":"Asp\u00f6ck","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0160","series-title":"Manual of clinical microbiology","author":"Murray","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.39.2.208","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of gram negative urinary infections: identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in 24hours","volume":"39","author":"Dupeyron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0170","series-title":"Atlas of clinical fungi","author":"De Hoog","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1995.00472425002400030017x","article-title":"Ingested soil: bioavailability of sorbed lead, cadmium, cesium, iodine, and mercury","volume":"24","author":"Sheppard","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/20015891109275","article-title":"Bioaccessibility of mercury in soils","volume":"10","author":"Barnett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soil Sediment Contam"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/713610968","article-title":"Factors controlling the bioaccessibility of arsenic(V) and lead(II) in soil","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soil Sediment Contam"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1021\/es051617p","article-title":"Comparison of soil Pb in vitro bioaccessibility and in vivo bioavailability with Pb pools from a sequential soil extraction","volume":"40","author":"Marschner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5240","DOI":"10.1021\/es1006516","article-title":"Determination of cadmium relative bioavailability in contaminated soils and its prediction using in vitro methodologies","volume":"44","author":"Juhasz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.10.2129","article-title":"Geophagia in rural Mississippi: environmental and cultural contexts and nutritional implications","volume":"32","author":"Vermeer","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0205","first-page":"1","article-title":"The diagnosis of Toxocara infestations and of human toxocarosis [German]","volume":"30","author":"Auer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0210","unstructured":"European Pharmacopoeia (Europ\u00e4isches Arzneibuch) (official Austrian version). 6th ed. Vienna: Verlag Oesterreich; 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0215","unstructured":"FAO. Manual of food quality control, 4 Rev. 1. Microbiological analysis. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations; 1992."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0220","unstructured":"DGHM (German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology). Guidance levels and critical limits for the assessment of food: A recommendation of the working group of the Commission Food Microbiology and Hygiene of the German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM) [in German]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt 1988, 31: 93\u20134."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1021\/es950057z","article-title":"Estimation of lead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test","volume":"30","author":"Ruby","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.09.028","article-title":"Effects of cadmium on the expression of placental lactogens and Pit-1 genes in the rat placental trophoblast cells","volume":"298","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400601034563","article-title":"Environmental hazards: evidence for effects on child health","volume":"10","author":"Wigle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0240","unstructured":"ATSDR. Summary report for the ATSDR soil-pica workshop, June 2000, Atlanta, Georgia. Atlanta: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2001. www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/NEWS\/soilpica.html. [accessed 10 December 2009]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0245","unstructured":"EU Commission. Commission Regulation (EC) No 466\/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Brussels: European Commission; 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002_bib0250","unstructured":"Wedepohl, KH. Handbook of Geochemistry. Volume II-5: Elements La(57)-U(92). Lead 82. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1978 p. K2\u2013K3."}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/104\/12\/787\/17469445\/104-12-787.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T05:48:39Z","timestamp":1559713719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S003592031000204X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}}}