{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:58:58Z","timestamp":1784192338130,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,23]],"date-time":"2011-12-23T07:38:47Z","timestamp":1324625927000},"page":"98-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among Egyptian healthcare workers in a national liver diseases referral centre"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Sayed","family":"Abdelwahab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Rewisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Sobhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Galal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa R.","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabeil","family":"Mikhail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gehan","family":"Galal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Tabbakh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer S.","family":"El-Kamary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imam","family":"Waked","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Thomas","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.07.020","article-title":"Hepatitis C infection and the increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma: a population-based study","volume":"127","author":"Davila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0010","first-page":"517","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma\u2014United States, 2001\u20132006","volume":"59","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2009.11.009","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses: a global overview","volume":"14","author":"Te","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70126-9","article-title":"Hepatitis C vaccine: supply and demand","volume":"8","author":"Strickland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21173","article-title":"Liver disease in Egypt: hepatitis C superseded schistosomiasis as a result of iatrogenic and biological factors","volume":"43","author":"Strickland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0030","unstructured":"El-Zanaty F, Way A. 2008 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. Cairo, Egypt: Ministry of Health, El-Zanaty and Associates, and Macro International; 2009. http:\/\/www.measuredhs.com [accessed 29 September 2011]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1086\/382278","article-title":"Kinetics of intrahepatic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CD4+ T cell responses in HCV and Schistosoma mansoni coinfection: relation to progression of liver fibrosis","volume":"189","author":"Kamal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00762.x","article-title":"Schistosoma infection inhibits cellular immune responses to core HCV peptides","volume":"27","author":"Farid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1086\/323352","article-title":"Specific cellular immune response and cytokine patterns in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"184","author":"Kamal","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)62623-9","article-title":"A study of patterns and prevention of blood exposures in OR personnel","volume":"67","author":"Jagger","year":"1998","journal-title":"AORN J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2003.03.003","article-title":"Occupational exposure to needlestick injuries and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among health care workers in Egypt","volume":"31","author":"Talaat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.8438","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a community in the Nile Delta: population description and HCV prevalence","volume":"32","author":"Abdel-Aziz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.20797","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection in a community in the Nile Delta: risk factors for seropositivity","volume":"33","author":"Habib","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.88","article-title":"The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Egypt: summary findings in nine governorates","volume":"62","author":"El-Khoby","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.04.011","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C infection in a cohort of women in rural Egypt","volume":"102","author":"Saleh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.021","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis C in rural pregnant Egyptian women","volume":"100","author":"Stoszek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.436","article-title":"Role of hepatitis C infection in chronic liver disease in Egypt","volume":"67","author":"Strickland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.105","article-title":"High prevalence of hepatitis C in Egyptian patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"37","author":"Waked","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1086\/500133","article-title":"Active surveillance for acute viral hepatitis in rural villages in the Nile Delta","volume":"42","author":"Meky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0100","first-page":"58","article-title":"Optimization, assessment, and proposed use of a direct nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction protocol for the detection of hepatitis C virus","volume":"1","author":"Abdel-Hamid","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hum Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.4.884-892.1994","article-title":"Geographical distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in blood donors: an international collaborative survey","volume":"32","author":"McOmish","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.1.201-207.1997","article-title":"New hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping system that allows for identification of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4, 5a, and 6a","volume":"35","author":"Ohno","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06527-7","article-title":"The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt","volume":"355","author":"Frank","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.633","article-title":"Hepatitis C in a community in Upper Egypt: risk factors for infection","volume":"66","author":"Medhat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.03.021","article-title":"Changing pattern of hepatitis C virus spread in rural areas of Egypt","volume":"43","author":"Arafa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.07.033","article-title":"Prospective study of cross-infection from upper-GI endoscopy in a hepatitis C-prevalent population","volume":"65","author":"Mikhail","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-6-1341","article-title":"Complete nucleotide sequence of a type 4 hepatitis C virus variant, the predominant genotype in the Middle East","volume":"78","author":"Chamberlain","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82626-0","article-title":"Genetic diversity in hepatitis C virus in Egypt and possible association with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"88","author":"Abdel-Hamid","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21451","article-title":"Lack of association between genotypes and subtypes of HCV and occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt","volume":"81","author":"Ryu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0150","first-page":"452","article-title":"Occupational medicine significance of hepatitis C in health care employees [in German]","volume":"59","author":"Hofmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1086\/502059","article-title":"Occupational risk of blood-borne viruses in healthcare workers: a 5-year surveillance program","volume":"23","author":"Baldo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003_bib0160","first-page":"81","article-title":"Assessment of needlestick injuries and related knowledge among health care workers participating in an infection control-training program at EI Minia University Hospital","volume":"26","author":"Mahfouz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Egypt J Community Med"}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/106\/2\/98\/5344086\/106-2-98.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T05:31:37Z","timestamp":1593408697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0035920311002070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}}}