{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T21:20:16Z","timestamp":1792963216148,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,14]],"date-time":"2017-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499990400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":378,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EF-0914476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF-0914476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T21:01:08Z","timestamp":1463518868000},"page":"992-1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["Diapause in ticks of the medically important Ixodes ricinus species complex"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Kahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean I.","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.2307\/3282188","article-title":"Growth and development of winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus, on moose, Alces alces","volume":"74","author":"Addison","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127450","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127450","article-title":"Different populations of blacklegged tick nymphs exhibit differences in questing behavior that have implications for human Lyme disease risk","volume":"10","author":"Arsnoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000069663","article-title":"Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, 1943: its life-history and occurrence","volume":"58","author":"Arthur","year":"1968","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0020","first-page":"69","article-title":"On diapause of larvae of Ixodes ricinus L. and Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. (Parasitiformes, Ixodidae). 1. Experimental data on the effect of the photoperiod on hungry and fed larvae","volume":"34","author":"Babenko","year":"1965","journal-title":"Med. Parazitol. Parazit. Bolezn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0025","series-title":"Problems of Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Biological Patterns in Its Natural Focus","first-page":"138","article-title":"Patterns of development of the taiga tick in the vicinity of Kremenchug station","author":"Babenko","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0030","first-page":"346","article-title":"Problem of seasonal variations and life of Ixodes ricinus L. and Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch","volume":"25","author":"Babenko","year":"1956","journal-title":"Med. Parazitol. Parazit. Bolezn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0035","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2d International Congress of Acarology","first-page":"447","article-title":"Diapause in larvae of Ixodes persulcatus (Parasitiformes: ixodidae) effect of some biotic and non-biotic factors on tick development","author":"Babenko","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0040","first-page":"520","article-title":"Diurnal variations in the activity of unfed nymphs: Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus","volume":"43","author":"Babenko","year":"1974","journal-title":"Med. Parazitol. Parazit. Bolezn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0045","series-title":"Taiga Tick Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acarina, Ixodidae): Morphology, Systematics, Ecology, and Medical Significance","first-page":"220","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of activity","author":"Babenko","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0050","series-title":"Taiga Tick Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acarina, Ixodidae): Morphology, Systematics, Ecology, and Medical Significance","first-page":"265","article-title":"Duration of development of engorged larvae and nymphs","author":"Babenko","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0055","series-title":"Vectors of Diseases of Man and Animals","article-title":"Blood Sucking Ticks (Ixodoidea)","author":"Balashov","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(74)90110-6","article-title":"Argas (Persicargas) arboreus: juvenile hormone analog termination of diapause and oviposition control","volume":"36","author":"Bassal","year":"1974","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0065","first-page":"141","article-title":"Bionomy of Ixodes ricinus. II. Population and seasonal dynamics in several localities of the district of Magdeburg in the GDR","volume":"13","author":"Bauch","year":"1972","journal-title":"Angew. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2002.058","article-title":"Nymphal diapause and its photoperiodic control in the tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"49","author":"Belozerov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol. (Praha)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0075","first-page":"37","article-title":"Seasonal changes in temperature reaction of engorged Ixodes ricinus L. (Ixodidae) females","volume":"3","author":"Belozerov","year":"1966","journal-title":"Vest. Leningr. Univ. S. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025377829119","article-title":"Photoperiodic control of developmental diapause in nymphs of prostriate ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"28","author":"Belozerov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0085","first-page":"1626","article-title":"Larval diapause of the tick Ixodes ricinus L. and its dependence on external conditions","volume":"43","author":"Belozerov","year":"1964","journal-title":"Zool. Zhurn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0090","first-page":"26","article-title":"Photoperiodic regulation of development and behavior of Ixodes ricinus L. larvae and nymphs from different populations and its changes owing to age of the ticks","author":"Belozerov","year":"1966","journal-title":"Tezisy Dokl. 1. Akarol. Soveshch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0095","first-page":"447","article-title":"Larval diapause in the tick Ixodes ricinus L. and its relation to external conditions. IV. Interactions between exogenous and endogenous factors in the control of the larval diapause","volume":"46","author":"Belozerov","year":"1967","journal-title":"Entomol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0100","first-page":"13","article-title":"Dependence of aggressiveness in adult Dermacentor marginatus upon photoperiodic conditions","volume":"9","author":"Belozerov","year":"1967","journal-title":"Parazitol. Leningrad."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0105","first-page":"3","article-title":"Nymphal diapause in the tick Ixodes ricinus. IV. Influence of changes in photoperiodic regime of unfed nymphs on their aggressiveness","volume":"5","author":"Belozerov","year":"1971","journal-title":"Parazitologiia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0110","first-page":"33","article-title":"Egg diapause in Ixodes ricinus and its relation to the photoperiodic conditions of maintenance of unfed females","volume":"9","author":"Belozerov","year":"1973","journal-title":"Vest. Leningr. Skogos Univ. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0115","first-page":"22","article-title":"Ecological rhythms in ixodid ticks and their regulation","volume":"30","author":"Belozerov","year":"1981","journal-title":"Parazitol. Sb. (Leningrad.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0120","series-title":"Physiology of Ticks","first-page":"469","article-title":"Diapause and biological rhythms in ticks","author":"Belozerov","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0125","series-title":"Taiga Tick Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acarina, Ixodidae): Morphology, Systematics, Ecology, and Medical Significance","first-page":"214","article-title":"Diapause, its role in the life cycle, mechanism","author":"Belozerov","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0130","first-page":"101","article-title":"The photoperiodic regulation of the development and diapause of the nymphs of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae)","volume":"29","author":"Belozerov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parazitologiya"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0135","first-page":"885","article-title":"Participation of two-step photoperiodic reaction in control of development and diapause in nymphs of Ixodes persulcatus","volume":"77","author":"Belozerov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zool. Zh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0140","first-page":"3","article-title":"Diapause and quiescence as two main kinds of dormancy and their significance in life cycles of mites and ticks (Chelicerata: Arachnida: Acari). Part 2. Parasitiformes","volume":"17","author":"Belozerov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acarina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13186","article-title":"Relative humidity and activity patterns of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: ixodidae)","volume":"51","author":"Berger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0608","article-title":"Influence of photoperiod and temperature on the larval behavioral diapause of Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: ixodidae)","volume":"46","author":"Cabrera","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0155","series-title":"Ph.D. Thesis","article-title":"The life history and development of the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus L. in Scotland under natural and controlled conditions","author":"Campbell","year":"1948"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0160","first-page":"313","article-title":"On the developmental cycle of the common tick (Ixodes ricinus L.) in the North Moravian natural focus of tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"16","author":"Chmela","year":"1969","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol. (Praha)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/37.3.439","article-title":"Seasonal distribution and abundance of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in northwestern Florida","volume":"37","author":"Cilek","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0170","first-page":"89","article-title":"Distribution, abundance, and seasonal activities of ticks collected from rodents and vegetation in South Carolina","volume":"23","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.237","article-title":"Evidence implicating nymphal Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the epidemiology of Lyme disease in California","volume":"53","author":"Clover","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"478","key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0180","article-title":"Abiotic predictors and annual seasonal dynamics of Ixodes ricinus, the major disease vector of Central Europe","volume":"18","author":"Daniel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.1.140","article-title":"Timing of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) oviposition and larval activity in southern New York","volume":"33","author":"Daniels","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.034","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of Ixodes ricinus on ground level and higher vegetation in a preserved wooded area in southern Europe","volume":"192","author":"Dantas-Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"Suppl.1","key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.01.010","article-title":"Winter activity of Ixodes ricinus in a Berlin forest","volume":"298","author":"Dautel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0200","series-title":"Trends in Acarology","first-page":"327","article-title":"Embryonic diapause and cold hardiness of Ixodes ricinus eggs (Acari: Ixodidae)","author":"Dautel","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02003.x","article-title":"A modified matrix model to describe the seasonal population ecology of the European tick, Ixodes ricinus","volume":"48","author":"Dobson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[1301:PAAOIP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Prevalence and abundance of Ixodes pacificus immatures (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) in northern California: temporal trends and environmental correlates","volume":"87","author":"Eisen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00372.x","article-title":"Seasonal activity patterns of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in relation to climatic conditions","volume":"16","author":"Eisen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00053309","article-title":"Variability in cuticular hydrocarbons and phenotypic discrimination of Ixodes ricinus populations (Acarina: Ixodidae) from Europe","volume":"20","author":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2004.00523.x","article-title":"Phenology of the tick, Ixodes ricinus, in its southern distribution range (central Spain)","volume":"18","author":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.05.003","article-title":"Description of all the stages of Ixodes inopinatus n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"5","author":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.44.271","article-title":"Effect of photoperiod on the attachment and development of immature Ixodes persulcatus Schulze","volume":"44","author":"Fujimoto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.46.345","article-title":"Effect of photoperiod on the host attachment and development in the tick: Haemaphysalis longicornis","volume":"46","author":"Fujimoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.49.235","article-title":"Effects of photoperiod on the host-feeding and development of Haemaphysalis flava nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"49","author":"Fujimoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.50.57_1","article-title":"The host-feeding activity of Haemaphysalis flava females observed under experimental conditions","volume":"50","author":"Fujimoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.52.73_1","article-title":"A preliminary study on the termination of the behavioural diapause of Ixodes persulcatus adults (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"52","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.53.187","article-title":"Effect of exposure to short-day photoperiods on the host feeding activity of Ixodes persulcatus Schulze nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) reared in a long-day photoperiod before and after molting","volume":"53","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.54.305","article-title":"Preliminary studies on the termination of behavioral diapause of Ixodes persulcatus Schulze adults (Acari: Ixodidae): effects of the exposure to a medium-day photoperiod","volume":"54","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0270","first-page":"1","article-title":"The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida)","volume":"25","author":"Furman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull. Calif. Insect Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(86)90041-5","article-title":"A computer simulation of the effects of specific environmental factors on the development of the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus L","volume":"19","author":"Gardiner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02633-08","article-title":"Climate and tick seasonality are predictors of Borrelia burgdorferi genotype distribution","volume":"75","author":"Gatewood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1014","article-title":"Climate of origin affects tick (Ixodes ricinus) host-seeking behavior in response to temperature: implications for resilience to climate change?","volume":"4","author":"Gilbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.3.501","article-title":"Ecological studies of adult Ixodes scapularis in central Mississippi: questing activity in relation to time of year, vegetation type, and meteorologic conditions","volume":"29","author":"Goddard","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300008543","article-title":"The fecundity of Ixodes ricinus L. and the mortality of developmental stages under field conditions","volume":"71","author":"Gray","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300010567","article-title":"The development and questing activity of Ixodes ricinus L. under field conditions in Ireland","volume":"72","author":"Gray","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0305","first-page":"167","article-title":"Studies on the dynamics of active populations of the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus L. in Co. Wicklow, Ireland","volume":"25","author":"Gray","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acarologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01200414","article-title":"Mating and behavioural diapause in Ixodes ricinus L","volume":"3","author":"Gray","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0315","first-page":"323","article-title":"The development and seasonal activity of the tick, Ixodes ricinus: a vector of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"79","author":"Gray","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006070416135","article-title":"The ecology of ticks transmitting Lyme borreliosis","volume":"22","author":"Gray","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.09.005","article-title":"Ixodes ricinus seasonal activity: implications of global warming indicated by revisiting tick and weather data","volume":"298","author":"Gray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.11.004","article-title":"Synchronous phenology of juvenile Ixodes scapularis vertebrate host relationships, and associated patterns of Borrelia burgdorferi ribotypes in the midwestern United States","volume":"3","author":"Hamer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.12.012","article-title":"Modelling the effect of temperature variation on the seasonal dynamics of Ixodes ricinus tick populations","volume":"41","author":"Hancock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0340","first-page":"61","article-title":"Biology of the black-legged tick","volume":"32","author":"Harris","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Kans. Entomol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0345","first-page":"159","article-title":"Host-seeking activity of ixodid ticks in relation to weather variables","volume":"28","author":"Hub\u00e1lek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0350","first-page":"218","article-title":"Development of ixodid ticks in the northern limits of their geographic range in Amur Province","volume":"20","author":"Kachanko","year":"1978","journal-title":"Parazitologiia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01213843","article-title":"Water vapour uptake from subsaturated atmosphere by engorged immature ixodid ticks","volume":"4","author":"Kahl","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0360","first-page":"223","article-title":"Seasonal and diurnal activity pattern of Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodidae) and its infection with Lyme spirochetes and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in Berlin (West)","volume":"6","author":"Kahl","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0365","series-title":"Dissertation","article-title":"Investigations on the water balance of ticks (Acari, Ixodoidea) in the course of their postembryonic development with special reference to active water vapour uptake in the engorged phases","author":"Kahl","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0370","first-page":"371","article-title":"Water management of the non-parasitic phases of Ixodes ricinus in the course of its post-embryonic development","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Kahl","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.4.441","article-title":"Population genetic structure of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) using allozymes","volume":"34","author":"Kain","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0380","first-page":"102","article-title":"Duration of the developmental cycle of Ixodes persulcatus under natural conditions of the Karelo-Finnish SSR","volume":"6","author":"Kheisin","year":"1955","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Karelo-Finnish University"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2014.12080.x","article-title":"Influence of selected meteorological variables on the questing activity of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Lower Silesia, SW Poland","volume":"39","author":"Kiewra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.6.720","article-title":"Seasonal activity and host associations of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southeastern Missouri","volume":"36","author":"Kollars","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010798518261","article-title":"Seasonal population dynamics of Ixodes ticks and tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"24","author":"Korenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0400","first-page":"494","article-title":"The morphogenetic diapause of the taiga tick and the methods for its quantitative assessment in a field experiment","volume":"25","author":"Korotkov","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parazitologiia (St. Petersburg)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0405","first-page":"264","article-title":"Variability of the life cycle duration in the taiga tick from mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the Udmurt Republic]","volume":"42","author":"Korotkov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parazitologiia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0410","series-title":"Abstract of a Dissertation for the Degree of Dr. Biol. Sci. Moscow","article-title":"Ecology of the taiga ticks (Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930) under conditions of climate change in Eurasia","author":"Korotkov","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2005.09.008","article-title":"Eco-physiological phases of insect diapause","volume":"52","author":"Kost\u00e1l","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.3.282","article-title":"Host-seeking behavior of adult Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) as determined by flagging vegetation","volume":"27","author":"Lane","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2007)32[342:HBOIPA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Host-seeking behavior of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in relation to environmental parameters in dense-woodland and woodland-grass habitats","volume":"32","author":"Lane","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.02.005","article-title":"Eco-epidemiological factors contributing to the low risk of human exposure to ixodid tick-borne borreliae in southern California, USA","volume":"4","author":"Lane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0435","series-title":"Proceedings of XI All-Union Conference on Natural Focality of Diseases","first-page":"94","article-title":"Characteristics of the spatial distribution of unfed taiga tick nymphs","author":"Levin","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0440","first-page":"348","article-title":"Biology of the unfed larvae of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus under natural conditions","volume":"66","author":"Levin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Zool. Zh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.3.189","article-title":"Survival and development of the different life stages of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) held within four habitats on Long Point, Ontario, Canada","volume":"35","author":"Lindsay","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.10.016","article-title":"Truncated seasonal activity patterns of the western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus) in central and southern California","volume":"7","author":"MacDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000015006","article-title":"Ixodes ricinus in relation to its physical environment: II. The factors governing survival and activity","volume":"27","author":"MacLeod","year":"1935","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0460","first-page":"168","article-title":"Seasonal and geographical distribution of adult Ixodes scapularis say (Acari: Ixodidae) in Louisiana","volume":"30","author":"Mackay","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vector. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006363316638","article-title":"Diapause induction in adults of three Rhipicephalus appendiculatus stocks","volume":"23","author":"Madder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01198514","article-title":"Adaptions in the life cycle of Dermacentor variabilis (Say) and Ixodes dammini (Spielman, Clifford, Piesman, and Corwin) marginal populations (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"1","author":"McEnroe","year":"1985","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018446921644","article-title":"Diel activity of Ixodes ricinus (Acari:Ixodidae) at two locations near Stockholm","volume":"21","author":"Mejlon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sweden.Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0480","first-page":"141","article-title":"The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. The seasonal activity in Britain with particular reference to Northern England","volume":"36","author":"Milne","year":"1945","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.622","article-title":"Investigation of relationships between temperature and developmental rates of tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory and field","volume":"41","author":"Ogden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.12.013","article-title":"A dynamic population model to investigate effects of climate on geographic range and seasonality of the tick Ixodes scapularis","volume":"35","author":"Ogden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.5.684","article-title":"Life cycle of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae): timing of developmental processes under field and laboratory conditions","volume":"38","author":"Padgett","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00051555","article-title":"Field and laboratory studies on the timing of oviposition and hatching of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"20","author":"Peavey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01202139","article-title":"Ecology and phenology of cattle ticks in Zambia: development and survival of free-living stages","volume":"8","author":"Pegram","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360000209","article-title":"Influence of saturation deficit and temperature on Ixodes ricinus tick questing activity in a Lyme borreliosis-endemic area (Switzerland)","volume":"86","author":"Perret","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/160.3.833","article-title":"Geographic uniformity of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) and its shared history with tick vector (Ixodes scapularis) in the Northeastern United States","volume":"160","author":"Qiu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00030-9","article-title":"An empirical quantitative framework for the seasonal population dynamics of the tick Ixodes ricinus","volume":"32","author":"Randolph","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004004925","article-title":"Tick ecology: processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by ixodid ticks as vectors","volume":"129","author":"Randolph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252313000091","article-title":"Is expert opinion enough? A critical assessment of the evidence for potential impacts of climate change on tick-borne diseases","volume":"14","author":"Randolph","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Health. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.05.002","article-title":"Seasonal activity patterns of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus, in relation to onset of human Lyme disease in northwestern California","volume":"5","author":"Salkeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01944966","article-title":"Hormonal rupture of larval diapause in the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Lat.)","volume":"28","author":"Sannasi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0545","series-title":"Taiga Tick Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acarina, Ixodidae): Morphology, Systematics, Ecology, and Medical Significance","first-page":"275","article-title":"Total duration of life cycle (Russian)","author":"Shashina","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/34.2.426","article-title":"Effect of length of day on the activity and hibernation of the American dog tick: Dermacentor variabilis","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"1941","journal-title":"Ann. Ent. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.30.010185.002255","article-title":"Ecology of Ixodes dammini-borne human babesiosis and Lyme disease","volume":"30","author":"Spielman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"379","author":"Stanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0565","series-title":"Seasonal Adaptations of Insects","author":"Tauber","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0570","first-page":"129","article-title":"The seasonal activity of Ixodes ricinus tick in Amol, Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran","volume":"6","author":"Vahedi-Noori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Arthropod Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.6.1025","article-title":"Air temperature and relative humidity effects on behavioral activity of blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in New Jersey","volume":"35","author":"Vail","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1079\/BER200065","article-title":"Age structure of a population of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in relation to its seasonal questing","volume":"91","author":"Walker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/22.5.507","article-title":"Ixodes pacificus Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae): population dynamics and distribution on Columbian blacktailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus)","volume":"12","author":"Westrom","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1139\/z68-095","article-title":"Phenology, behavior, and host-relations of Dermacentor andersoni Stiles in outdoor rodentaria and in nature","volume":"46","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1986613341","article-title":"Studies on ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae), parasites of cattle in West Algeria. I. Systematic survey and seasonal activity","volume":"61","author":"Yousfi-Monod","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.2.196","article-title":"Duration and regulation of the developmental cycle of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"27","author":"Yuval","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0605","first-page":"260","article-title":"Seasonal activity of adult ticks Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. in the eastern part of the Russian Plain","volume":"31","author":"Zemskaya","year":"1984","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol. (Praha)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006_bib0610","series-title":"Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Udmurtia and Adjacent Regions","first-page":"118","article-title":"About development of Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. in European south-taiga forests","author":"Zhmaeva","year":"1969"}],"container-title":["Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877959X16300796?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877959X16300796?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T03:24:43Z","timestamp":1692329083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877959X16300796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1877959X16300796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-959X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-959X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diapause in ticks of the medically important Ixodes ricinus species complex","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}