{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:42:58Z","timestamp":1788262978223,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T07:12:14Z","timestamp":1579504334000},"page":"101377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Transgenic functional complementation with a transmission -associated protein restores spirochete infectivity by tick bite"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tom G.","family":"Schwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra J.","family":"Raffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Battisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0005","first-page":"521","article-title":"Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"57","author":"Barbour","year":"1984","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0010","first-page":"125","article-title":"Immunobiology of relapsing fever","volume":"vol. 8","author":"Barbour","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.04.022","article-title":"Phylogeny of a relapsing fever Borrelia species transmitted by the hard tick Ixodes scapularis","volume":"27","author":"Barbour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00528","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00528-16","article-title":"Chromosome and plasmids of the tick-borne relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii","volume":"4","author":"Barbour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0025","series-title":"Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematic Archaea and Bacteria","article-title":"Borrelia. Swellengrebel 1907, 582AL","author":"Barbour","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00153","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00153-10","article-title":"Evolution and distribution of the ospC gene, a transferable serotype determinant of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"1","author":"Barbour","year":"2010","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.52.2.549-554.1986","article-title":"A Borrelia-specific monoclonal antibody binds to a flagellar epitope","volume":"52","author":"Barbour","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7114","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.7114-7121.2000","article-title":"Surface protein variation by expression site switching in the relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii","volume":"68","author":"Barbour","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0045","first-page":"69","article-title":"A system for site-specific genetic manipulation of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii","volume":"vol. 431","author":"Battisti","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.6.1300","article-title":"Adult Ixodes dammini on rabbits: a hypothesis for the development and transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"155","author":"Benach","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006959","article-title":"Infection history of the blood-meal host dictates pathogenic potential of the Lyme disease spirochete within the feeding tick vector","volume":"14","author":"Bhatia","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14810","article-title":"Borrelia outer surface protein C is capable of human fibrinogen binding","volume":"286","author":"Bierwagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4661","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.11.4661-4667.1997","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi strain-specific Osp C-mediated immunity in mice","volume":"65","author":"Bockenstedt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.028738","article-title":"ospC diversity in Borrelia burgdorferi: different hosts are different niches","volume":"168","author":"Brisson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737","article-title":"Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis?","volume":"216","author":"Burgdorfer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0080","series-title":"Lyme Disease and Related Disorders.","first-page":"172","article-title":"Development of Borrelia burgdorferi in ixodid tick vectors","author":"Burgdorfer","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.11.3561-3569.2004","article-title":"The essential nature of the ubiquitous 26-kilobase circular replicon of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"186","author":"Byram","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00442","article-title":"Multifunctional and redundant roles of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins in tissue adhesion, colonization, and complement evasion","volume":"7","author":"Caine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12786","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein C (OspC) binds complement C4b and confers bloodstream survival","volume":"19","author":"Caine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4848","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01215-15","article-title":"Outer surface protein OspC is an antiphagocytic factor that protects Borrelia burgdorferi from phagocytosis by macrophages","volume":"83","author":"Carrasco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.7.2792-2799.1994","article-title":"A family of surface-exposed proteins of 20 kilodaltons in the genus Borrelia","volume":"62","author":"Carter","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01698.x","article-title":"A bacterial genome in flux: the twelve linear and nine circular extrachromosomal DNAs in an infectious isolate of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"35","author":"Casjens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2102.141276","article-title":"Tickborne relapsing fever, Bitterroot Valley, Montana, USA","volume":"21","author":"Christensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80298-6","article-title":"Plasminogen is required for efficient dissemination of B. burgdorferi in ticks and for enhancement of spirochetemia in mice","volume":"89","author":"Coleman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05177.x","article-title":"Antigenic variation by Borrelia hermsii occurs through recombination between extragenic repetitive elements on linear plasmids","volume":"60","author":"Dai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2008.03.006","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever","volume":"22","author":"Dworkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00018","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00018-17","article-title":"Chromosome and megaplasmid sequences of Borrelia anserina (Sakharoff 1891), the agent of avian spirochetosis and type species of the genus","volume":"5","author":"Elbir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1512.090792","article-title":"Identical strains of Borrelia hermsii in mammal and bird","volume":"15","author":"Fischer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2307\/2412448","article-title":"Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins","volume":"19","author":"Fitch","year":"1970","journal-title":"Syst. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/37551","article-title":"Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"390","author":"Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-46-4-898","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of Borrelia species based on flagellin gene sequences and its application for molecular typing of Lyme disease borreliae","volume":"46","author":"Fukunaga","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.411-414.2000","article-title":"Inhibition of Borrelia burgdorferi migration from the midgut to the salivary glands following feeding by ticks on OspC-immunized mice","volume":"68","author":"Gilmore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.6.2234-2239.1996","article-title":"Outer surface protein C (OspC), but not P39, is a protective immunogen against a tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi challenge: evidence for a conformational protective epitope in OspC","volume":"64","author":"Gilmore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306845101","article-title":"Outer-surface protein C of the Lyme disease spirochete: a protein induced in ticks for infection of mammals","volume":"101","author":"Grimm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0175","series-title":"The Tick Vector of the Infection. Relapsing Fever Calif. State Dept. Publ. Health Special Bull. No. 61","first-page":"24","author":"Herms","year":"1936"},{"issue":"432","key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0180","first-page":"440","article-title":"Population structure of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii as indicated by polymorphism of two multigene families that encode immunogenic outer surface lipoproteins","volume":"66","author":"Hinnebusch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0185","first-page":"133","article-title":"Ticks and spirochetes","volume":"36","author":"Hoogstraal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.9.3491-3496.1995","article-title":"Binding of human plasminogen to Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"63","author":"Hu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.02.007","article-title":"Diversity of the Lyme disease spirochetes and its influence on immune responses to infection and vaccination","volume":"49","author":"Izac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.7.1860-1866.1995","article-title":"Molecular analysis of genes encoding outer surface protein C (OspC) of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: relationship to ospA genotype and evidence of lateral gene exchange of ospC","volume":"33","author":"Jauris-Heipke","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1863-0","article-title":"Host associations and genomic diversity of Borrelia hermsii in an endemic focus of tick-borne relapsing fever in western North America","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.08.005","article-title":"First isolation of the relapsing fever spirochete, Borrelia hermsii, from a domestic dog","volume":"5","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00655","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00655-16","article-title":"Chromosome and linear plasmid sequences of a 2015 human isolate of the tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete, Borrelia turicatae","volume":"4","author":"Kingry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00433-6","article-title":"ResT, a telemere resolvase endcoded by the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"9","author":"Kobryn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1170-1","article-title":"Vaccination with the variable tick protein of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii protects mice from infection by tick-bite","volume":"8","author":"Krajacich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/16.4.354","article-title":"Development of the tick Ixodes dammini (Acarina: ixodidae) in the laboratory","volume":"16","author":"Krinsky","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.08.017","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto invasiveness is correlated with OspC-plasminogen affinity","volume":"8","author":"Lagal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0240","series-title":"Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10922","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29296-8","article-title":"Faster growth with shorter antigens can explain a VSG hierarchy during African trypanosome infections: a feint attack by parasites","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10283","article-title":"Acquisition and subsequent transmission of Borrelia hermsii by the soft tick Ornithodoros hermsi","volume":"48","author":"Lopez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023675","article-title":"Nutalliela namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks","volume":"6","author":"Mans","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.09.010","article-title":"Argasid and ixodid systematics: implications for soft tick evolution and systematics, with a new argasid species list","volume":"10","author":"Mans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tick Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.175.4.926-932.1993","article-title":"Transcriptional analyses and mapping of the ospC gene in Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"175","author":"Marconi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.10.2577-2583.1993","article-title":"Identification of a protein in several Borrelia species which is related to OspC of the Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"31","author":"Marconi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0275","article-title":"Expression of the tick-associated Vtp protein of Borrelia hermsii in a murine model of relapsing fever","volume":"11","author":"Marcsisin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)90613-0","article-title":"Homology between Borrelia burgdorferi OspC and members of the family of Borrelia hermsii variable major proteins","volume":"143","author":"Margolis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5470","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5470-5472.1999","article-title":"An OspC-specific monoclonal antibody passively protects mice from tick-transmitted infection by Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31","volume":"67","author":"Mbow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10175","article-title":"Bloodmeal size and spirochete acquisition of Ornithodoros hermsi (Acari: argasidae) during feeding","volume":"47","author":"McCoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0295","series-title":"Vector-borne Diseaes: Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections","author":"Medicine, Institute of","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16860","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.290775","article-title":"OspC is potent plasminogen receptor on surface of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"287","author":"\u00d6nder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200419894","article-title":"OspC facilitates Borrelia burgdorferi invasion of Ixodes scapularis salivary glands","volume":"113","author":"Pal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0310","series-title":"Borrelia: Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis","first-page":"251","article-title":"Ecology of borreliae and their arthropod vectors","author":"Piesman","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6647","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6647-6658.2005","article-title":"Variable tick protein in two genomic groups of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii in western North America","volume":"73","author":"Porcella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01710681","article-title":"Active immunization with pC protein of Borrelia burgdorferi protects gerbils against B. burgdorferi infection","volume":"20","author":"Preac-Mursic","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.2.400","article-title":"Immunization with outer surface protein (Osp) A, but not OspC, provides cross-protection of mice challenged with North American isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"175","author":"Probert","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004056","article-title":"Inactivation of genes for antigenic variation in the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii reduces infectivity in mice and transmission by ticks","volume":"10","author":"Raffel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.11.001","article-title":"Colony formation in solid medium by the relapsing fever spirochetes Borrelia hermsii and Borrelia turicatae","volume":"9","author":"Raffel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03812","article-title":"The Lyme disease agent exploits a tick protein to infect the mammalian host","volume":"436","author":"Ramamoorthi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-46-4-859","article-title":"Phylogenesis of relapsing fever Borrelia spp","volume":"46","author":"Ras","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/24.2.201","article-title":"Dissemination and salivary delivery of Lyme disease spirochetes in vector ticks (Acari: ixodidae)","volume":"24","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.5.2192-2195.1993","article-title":"The cryptic ospC gene of Borrelia burgdorferi B31 is located on a circular plasmid","volume":"61","author":"\u0160ad\u017eiene","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5371.1938","article-title":"Bloodstream- versus tick-associated variants of a relapsing fever bacterium","volume":"280","author":"Schwan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.382-388.2000","article-title":"Temporal changes in outer surface proteins A and C of the Lyme disease-associated spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, during the chain of infection in ticks and mice","volume":"38","author":"Schwan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010198","article-title":"Vector interactions and molecular adaptations of Lyme disease and relapsing fever spirochetes associated with transmission by ticks","volume":"8","author":"Schwan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.7.2909","article-title":"Induction of an outer surface protein on Borrelia burgdorferi during tick feeding","volume":"92","author":"Schwan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.10.2483-2492.1996","article-title":"GlpQ: an antigen for serological discrimination between relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis","volume":"34","author":"Schwan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1303.060958","article-title":"Diversity and distribution of Borrelia hermsii","volume":"13","author":"Schwan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162501","article-title":"In vivo imaging demonstrates that Borrelia burgdorferi ospC is uniquely expressed temporally and spatially throughout experimental infection","volume":"11","author":"Skare","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0395","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Sonenshine","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207","article-title":"Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Steere","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00158-06","article-title":"Delineating the requirement for the Borrelia burgdorferi virulence factor OspC in the mammalian host","volume":"74","author":"Stewart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.156.5.1297","article-title":"Antigenic variation of Borrelia hermsii","volume":"156","author":"Stoenner","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.10.2570-2576.1993","article-title":"Polymorphism in ospC gene of Borrelia burgdorferi and immunoreactivity of OspC protein: implications for taxonomy and for use of OspC protein as a diagnostic antigen","volume":"31","author":"Theisen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.177.11.3036-3044.1995","article-title":"Evolution of the Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein OspC","volume":"177","author":"Theisen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01950-05","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi OspC protein required exclusively in a crucial early stage of mammalian infection","volume":"74","author":"Tilly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/151.1.15","article-title":"Genetic diversity of ospC in a local population of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2307\/3272745","article-title":"A contribution to the biology of Ornithodoros hermsi Wheeler, Herms and Meyer","volume":"29","author":"Wheeler","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06264.x","article-title":"Essential protective role attributed to the surface lipoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi against innate defences","volume":"69","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877959X19304996?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877959X19304996?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T23:25:33Z","timestamp":1665530733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877959X19304996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1877959X19304996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-959X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-959X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Transgenic functional complementation with a transmission -associated protein restores spirochete infectivity by tick bite","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101377","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier GmbH.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101377"}}