{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T08:42:12Z","timestamp":1783068132178,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority","award":["2-3-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-3-2016"]}]},{"name":"Belgian Directorate General for Development Co-operation","award":["UP\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UP\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]],"date-time":"2020-03-21T12:24:10Z","timestamp":1584793450000},"page":"101415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Improved detection of Babesia bigemina from various geographical areas in Africa using quantitative PCR and reverse line blot hybridisation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hein","family":"Stoltsz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Byaruhanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milana","family":"Troskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Makgabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinda C.","family":"Oosthuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola E.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.011","article-title":"Development and evaluation of two nested PCR assays for the detection of Babesia bovis from cattle blood","volume":"172","author":"AbouLaila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00179-7","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in ruminants and detection of Ehrlichia ruminantium in Amblyomma variegatum ticks by reverse line blot hybridization","volume":"89","author":"Bekker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005190","article-title":"Babesiosis of cattle","volume":"129","author":"Bock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02266-09","article-title":"Babesia lengau sp. nov., a novel Babesia species in cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus, Schreber, 1775) populations in South Africa","volume":"48","author":"Bosman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.03.031","article-title":"A quantitative PCR assay for the detection and quantification of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina","volume":"147","author":"Buling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-007-0683-z","article-title":"Modelling the limit of detection in real-time quantitative PCR","volume":"226","author":"Burns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0035","first-page":"27","article-title":"Molecular investigation of tick-borne haemoparasite infections among transhumant zebu cattle in Karamoja Region","volume":"3-4","author":"Byaruhanga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Uganda. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.01.012","article-title":"Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale amongst transhumant cattle in north-eastern Uganda","volume":"9","author":"Byaruhanga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0045","series-title":"The Center for Food Security & Public Health","author":"CFSPH","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v84i1.1262","article-title":"Comparison of three nucleic acid-based tests for detecting Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale in cattle","volume":"84","author":"Chaisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0055","series-title":"Diagnosis of Tick-borne Diseases in Cattle in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, South Africa and Identification of Theileria Parva Carriers","author":"Choopa","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0060","series-title":"Hematology Reference Intervals for Advia 2120","author":"Cornell University","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.040","article-title":"Development of fluorogenic probe-based PCR assays for the detection and quantification of bovine piroplasmids","volume":"162","author":"Criado-Fornelio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0070","series-title":"Infectious Diseases of Livestock","first-page":"406","article-title":"Bovine babesiosis","author":"De Vos","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0075","series-title":"African and Asiatic Redwater in Cattle. Farmer\u2019s Weekly","author":"Du Preez","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0080","series-title":"The Financial Implications of Endemic Stability As a Control Strategy for Bovine Babesiosis in Veld Grazing Beef Production Systems of the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands","author":"Edwardes","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.10.2576-2582.1992","article-title":"Detection of Babesia bigemina-infected carriers by polymerase chain reaction amplification","volume":"30","author":"Figueroa","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1782-1789.1999","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of bovine Theileria and Babesia species by reverse line blot hybridization","volume":"37","author":"Gubbels","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0095","series-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0","author":"IBM SPSS","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.12.002","article-title":"Is endemic stability of tick-borne disease in cattle a useful concept?","volume":"28","author":"Jonsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.837","article-title":"Development of Taqman-based real-time PCR assays for diagnostic detection of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-006-4181-2","article-title":"Estimated direct economic costs associated with tick-borne diseases on cattle in Tanzania","volume":"38","author":"Kivaria","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5935","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.10.5935-5942.2005","article-title":"Genetic diversity of small eukaryotes in lakes differing by their trophic status","volume":"71","author":"Lefranc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0235779100","article-title":"Autochthonous eukaryotic diversity in hydrothermal sediment and experimental microcolonizers at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge","volume":"100","author":"L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200999196X","article-title":"Molecular detection of Babesia spp. and other haemoparasitic infections of cattle in Maputo Province, Mozambique","volume":"137","author":"Martins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.02.014","article-title":"Seroprevalence of tick-borne diseases in communal cattle reared on sweet and sour rangelands in a semi-arid area of South Africa","volume":"184","author":"Marufu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-154","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis haemoparasites from cattle in South Africa","volume":"9","author":"Mtshali","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0145","first-page":"646","article-title":"The detection and characterisation of multiple tick-borne pathogens in cattle at Ficksburg and Reitz (Free State Province, South Africa) using reverse line blot hybridisation","volume":"7","author":"Mtshali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0197","article-title":"Nested PCR detection and phylogenetic analysis of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in cattle from peri-urban localities in Gauteng Province, South Africa","volume":"76","author":"Mtshali","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4236\/ojvm.2016.65009","article-title":"Detection of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in endemic areas of S\u00e3o Paulo State","volume":"6","author":"N\u00e9o","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brazil. Open J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.2249-2254.2003","article-title":"Babesia bicornis sp. nov. and Theileria bicornis sp. nov.: tick-borne parasites associated with mortality in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)","volume":"41","author":"Nijhof","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5907","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5907-5911.2005","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of Theileria species associated with mortality in four species of African antelopes","volume":"43","author":"Nijhof","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02239802","article-title":"Epidemiology of tick-borne diseases of cattle in Zimbabwe","volume":"15","author":"Norval","year":"1983","journal-title":"I. Babesiosis. Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0175","first-page":"a1482","article-title":"Range expansion of the economically important Asiatic blue tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, in South Africa","volume":"88","author":"Nyangiwe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0180","series-title":"Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of Anaplasma marginale in Cattle From Two Dip Tanks in Zambezia Province Mozambique","author":"Nyoni-Phili","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.09.002","article-title":"PCR-based detection of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in their natural host Boophilus microplus and cattle","volume":"35","author":"Oliveira-Sequeira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.045","article-title":"Identification of novel Babesia and Theileria species in South African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis, Linnaeus, 1758) and roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus, Desmarest 1804)","volume":"163","author":"Oosthuizen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00167-08","article-title":"Identification of a novel Babesia sp. from a sable antelope (Hippotragus niger Harris, 1838)","volume":"46","author":"Oosthuizen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0200","series-title":"Bovine babesiosis. African Veterinary Information Portal","author":"Penzhorn","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45","article-title":"A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR","volume":"29","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2215-2222.1999","article-title":"Detection and identification of Ehrlichia, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Bartonella species in Dutch Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"37","author":"Schouls","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0215","series-title":"Species Composition of Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens in Domestic Ruminants and Dogs in Tchicala -Tcholoanga, Huambo Province","author":"Sili","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v71i1.671","article-title":"Babesia bovis and B. bigemina DNA detected in cattle and ticks from Zimbabwe by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"71","author":"Smeenk","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05330.x","article-title":"Babesiosis (Babesia bovis) stability in unstable environments","volume":"916","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.032","article-title":"Emerging perspectives in the research of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis","volume":"180","author":"Suarez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2011000800005","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the frequency of antibodies against Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in cattle in southern Mozambique","volume":"31","author":"Tembue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.047","article-title":"Serological survey of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in cattle in South Africa","volume":"182","author":"Terkawi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-7-research0034","article-title":"Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes","volume":"3","author":"Vandesompele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0250","first-page":"221","article-title":"Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species","author":"Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Consortium on Ticks and Tick Borne Diseases (ICTTD-2)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.02.004","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive detection of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick","volume":"219","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00748.x","article-title":"Possible mechanisms underlying age-related resistance to bovine babesiosis","volume":"27","author":"Zintl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."}],"container-title":["Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877959X19305011?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877959X19305011?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T23:28:04Z","timestamp":1590881284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877959X19305011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1877959X19305011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-959X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-959X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Improved detection of Babesia bigemina from various geographical areas in Africa using quantitative PCR and reverse line blot hybridisation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101415"}}