{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:10:04Z","timestamp":1793315404935,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gordon and Llura Gund Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T12:25:02Z","timestamp":1596803102000},"page":"101540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["The emergence of human Powassan virus infection in North America"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Olivia","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0005","series-title":"Indiana State Department of Health","author":"(2.4)CD Reportable Diseases List 8-12-2016.pdf","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1475","article-title":"The prevalence of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes scapularis collected in the Hudson Valley, New York State","volume":"14","author":"Aliota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0294","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characterization of Powassan virus strains infecting Ixodes scapularis in Connecticut","volume":"87","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0020","first-page":"30","article-title":"Powassan encephalitis","volume":"Vol. IV","author":"Artsob","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(01)00330-6","article-title":"Nucleotide sequencing and serological evidence that the recently recognized deer tick virus is a genotype of Powassan virus","volume":"79","author":"Beasley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0030","series-title":"Outdoor Worker Safety Tick and Mosquito Bite Prevention","author":"Bjork","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.971","article-title":"Short report: stable prevalence of Powassan virus in Ixodes scapularis in a northern Wisconsin focus","volume":"79","author":"Brackney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0040","series-title":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Health","article-title":"Tick-borne disease surveillance","author":"Brown","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.1.89","article-title":"Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada","volume":"7","author":"Calisher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12476","article-title":"Evidence of Powassan\/deer tick virus in adult black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) recovered from hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Pennsylvania: a public health perspective","volume":"65","author":"Campagnolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix435","article-title":"Fatal deer tick virus infection in Maine","volume":"65","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0060","series-title":"Lyme Disease: Data and Statistics","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0065","first-page":"761","article-title":"Outbreak of Powassan encephalitis--Maine and Vermont, 1999-2001","volume":"50","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0070","series-title":"Lyme Disease\u2014United States 2000","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0075","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2002","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0080","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2003","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0085","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2004","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0090","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2005","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0095","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2006","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0100","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2007","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0105","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2008","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0110","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2009","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0115","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2010","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0120","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2011","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0125","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2012","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0130","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2013","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0135","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2014","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0140","series-title":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases\u2014United States, 2015","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0145","series-title":"Annual Tables of Infectious Disease Data. Atlanta, GA. CDC Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, 2019","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0150","series-title":"Tick Identification and Testing Services","author":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0155","series-title":"Reportable Diseases, Surveillance, and Isolation and Quarantine Requirements","author":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Health","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0160","series-title":"Information on Submitting Ticks","author":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0165","series-title":"Reportable Diseases, Emergency Illnesses and Health Conditions \u2013 2018","author":"Connecticut Department of Public Health","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.577","article-title":"Arboviruses in New York State","volume":"28","author":"Deibel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0175","series-title":"UMaine Tick Surveillance Program\u2014Annual Report\u20142019","first-page":"16","author":"Dill","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0180","series-title":"Biology and Management of Ticks in New Hampshire","author":"Eaton","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-112408-085446","article-title":"Update on Powassan virus: emergence of a North American tick-borne flavivirus","volume":"55","author":"Ebel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.36","article-title":"Enzootic transmission of deer tick virus in New England and Wisconsin sites","volume":"63","author":"Ebel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-7-1657","article-title":"Phylogeny of North American Powassan virus","volume":"82","author":"Ebel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1912.130903","article-title":"Potential role of deer tick virus in Powassan encephalitis cases in Lyme disease-endemic areas of New York, USA","volume":"19","author":"Ei Khoury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2013.837805","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of Powassan encephalitis in North America suggests the emergence of the deer tick virus subtype","volume":"11","author":"Ei Khoury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.12.006","article-title":"The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis: an increasing public health concern","volume":"34","author":"Eisen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv237","article-title":"County-scale distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: ixodidae) in the continental United States","volume":"53","author":"Eisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1983.00350020167030","article-title":"Powassan virus encephalitis resembling herpes simplex encephalitis","volume":"143","author":"Embil","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.161971","article-title":"Serologic evidence of Powassan virus infection in patients with suspected Lyme disease","volume":"23","author":"Frost","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0230","article-title":"Powassan encephalitis: a case report with neuropathology and literature review","author":"Gholam","year":"1999","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.1021","article-title":"Reforming federal public health powers","volume":"317","author":"Goston","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01255","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01255-17","article-title":"Flavivirus infection of Ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick) ex vivo organotypic cultures and applications for disease control","volume":"8","author":"Grabowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2107.140858","article-title":"Assessment of arbovirus surveillance 13 years after introduction of West Nile virus, United States","volume":"21","author":"Hadler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2110","article-title":"Powassan virus: an emerging arbovirus of public health concern in North America","volume":"17","author":"Hermance","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181f2f492","article-title":"Powassan virus infection presenting as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in Tennessee","volume":"30","author":"Hicar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0022","article-title":"Increased recognition of Powassan encephalitis in the United States, 1999-2005","volume":"8","author":"Hinten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0265","series-title":"Lyme Disease Tick Infection Maps","author":"ISDH","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0270","first-page":"91","article-title":"Tickborne Powassan virus infections among Wisconsin residents","volume":"109","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.07.009","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of seven human pathogens in host-seeking Ixodes scapularis (Acari: ixodidae) nymphs in Minnesota, USA","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0280","first-page":"e00106","article-title":"Tick-borne flaviviruses, with a focus on Powassan virus","volume":"32","author":"Kemenesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0285","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Arbovirus infections in man in British Columbia","volume":"106","author":"Kettyls","year":"1972","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2082","article-title":"Powassan\/deer tick virus and Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Wisconsin tick populations","volume":"17","author":"Knox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.671","article-title":"Genomic sequencing of deer tick virus and phylogeny of Powassan-related viruses of North America","volume":"65","author":"Kuno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0300","unstructured":"Lyme & Tick-Borne Disease Testing & Statistics. PA Tick Research Lab. https:\/\/www.ticklab.org\/ (accessed 10 February 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0305","unstructured":"Lyme Disease | Communicable Disease Control & Surveillance. New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.dhhs.nh.gov\/dphs\/cdcs\/lyme\/index.htm (accessed 10 February 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00083","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00083-18","article-title":"Emerging tick-borne diseases","volume":"33","author":"Madison-Antenucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0315","series-title":"Notifiable Disease and Conditions List","author":"Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0320","series-title":"Tick Ecology and Tick Testing","author":"Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0325","series-title":"Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries","article-title":"Bull\u2019s eye! Aim for prevention","author":"Majarov","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0330","first-page":"708","article-title":"Powassan virus: isolation of virus from a fatal case of encephalitis","volume":"80","author":"McLean","year":"1959","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.50.10.1539","article-title":"Powassan virus: surveys of human and animal sera","volume":"50","author":"McLean","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health Nations Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0340","first-page":"971","article-title":"Powassan virus: field investigations in northern Ontario, 1959 to 1961","volume":"86","author":"McLean","year":"1962","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1964.13.747","article-title":"Powassan virus: field investigations during the summer of 1963","volume":"13","author":"McLean","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0350","first-page":"660","article-title":"Powassan virus: persistence of virus activity during 1966","volume":"96","author":"McLean","year":"1967","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of lyme disease","volume":"29","author":"Mead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0360","series-title":"Tick and Lyme Disease Surveillance in Fairfax County","author":"Meeraus","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0365","series-title":"2018 Reportable Diseases in Michigan-by Pathogen","author":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0370","series-title":"Tick Identification and Testing in Michigan","author":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0375","series-title":"Other Arboviruses","author":"Michigan Emerging Disease Issues","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0380","series-title":"Powassan Virus","author":"Michigan Emerging Disease Issues","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0385","series-title":"Diseases Reportable to the Minnesota Department of Health","author":"Minnesota Department of Health","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0390","series-title":"Powassan Virus Disease Statistics","author":"Minnesota Department of Health","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0395","series-title":"State of New Hampshire Reportable Infectious Diseases","author":"New Hampshire Division of Public Health Services","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0400","series-title":"Reporting Requirements for Communicable Diseases and Work-related Conditions","author":"New Jersey Department of Health","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0405","series-title":"Vector-borne Surveillance Project","author":"New Jersey Department of Health","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0410","series-title":"Vector-borne Surveillance Reports","author":"New Jersey Department of Health","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0415","series-title":"New York State Department of Health Expands Aggressive Awareness, Outreach and Collection Efforts for Tick-borne Illnesses","author":"New York State Department of Health","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0586","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Powassan virus in New England deer, 1979\u20132010","volume":"88","author":"Nofchissey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0425","series-title":"Reportable Diseases and Conditions","author":"North Carolina Office of Administrative Hearings","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0430","series-title":"Reporting Diseases and Conditions","author":"NYC Health","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0435","first-page":"603","article-title":"Powassan virus encephalitis in southeastern Ontario","volume":"123","author":"Partington","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0440","series-title":"Powassan Virus Disease Case Reported","author":"Pennsylvania Department of Health","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0445","unstructured":"Pennsylvania Pressroom. DEP Details. https:\/\/www.media.pa.gov:443\/Pages\/DEP_details.aspx?newsid=1164 (accessed February 10, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.024232-0","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Powassan virus in North America","volume":"91","author":"Pesko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz085","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile virus in the United States: implications for arbovirology and public health","volume":"56","author":"Peterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0460","series-title":"Tickborne Disease Surveillance","author":"Philadelphia Department of Public Health","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1005","article-title":"Emerging cases of Powassan virus encephalitis in New England: clinical presentation, imaging, and review of the literature","volume":"62","author":"Piantadosi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix792","article-title":"Rapid detection of Powassan virus in a patient with encephalitis by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"66","author":"Piantadosi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-594","article-title":"Powassan virus infection: case series and literature review from a single institution","volume":"5","author":"Raval","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0480","series-title":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services","author":"Reportable_Diseases_Michigan_by_Pathogen_478489_7.pdf","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0485","series-title":"Connecticut Department of Public Health","author":"ReportableDiseases.pdf","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0490","series-title":"Rhode Island Reportable Diseases Summary Sheet for Clinical Providers","author":"Rhode Island Department of Health","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0495","series-title":"Testing Ticks","author":"Rhode Island Department of Health","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.05.014","article-title":"Seroprevalence of seven pathogens transmitted by the Ixodes ricinus tick in forestry workers in France","volume":"22","author":"Rigaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0281","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characterization of deer tick virus (Powassan virus, lineage II) in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in Maine","volume":"101","author":"Robich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0510","series-title":"Infectious Disease Epidemiology Report","author":"Robinson","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0515","first-page":"1173","article-title":"A case of Powassan virus encephalitis","volume":"110","author":"Rossier","year":"1974","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02055","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02055-19","article-title":"Polymicrobial nature of tick-borne diseases","volume":"10","author":"Sanchez-Vicente","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0525","series-title":"Surveillance for Lyme Disease \u2014 United States, 2008\u20132015","first-page":"66","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0530","series-title":"World Reference Center for Arboviruses Annual Report","author":"Shope","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1974.02110240077010","article-title":"Powassan virus infection: a report of three human cases of encephalitis","volume":"127","author":"Smith","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0098","article-title":"Powassan virus and other arthropod-borne viruses in wildlife and ticks in Ontario, Canada","volume":"99","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.180202","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, B. miyamotoi, and Powassan virus in residents bitten by Ixodes ticks, Maine, USA","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.30.010185.002255","article-title":"Ecology of Ixodes dammini-borne human babesiosis and Lyme disease","volume":"30","author":"Spielman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1909.121846","article-title":"Powassan meningoencephalitis, New York, New York, USA","volume":"19","author":"Sung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0302.970209","article-title":"A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini","volume":"3","author":"Telford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0565","unstructured":"Testing a Tick. Indiana Lyme Connect. https:\/\/www.indianalymeconnect.org\/prevention\/remove-test-ticks\/testing-a-tick\/ (accessed 7 February 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0570","unstructured":"Tick Monitoring. Minnesota Dept. Of Health. https:\/\/www.health.state.mn.us\/diseases\/tickborne\/monitoring.html (accessed 10 February 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0575","unstructured":"Tick Report. Tick-borne disease passive surveillance database. https:\/\/www.tickreport.com\/stats (accessed 8 February 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0580","series-title":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services","author":"Tick_testing_flow_chart_227376_7.pdf","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0585","unstructured":"Tickborne Disease Surveillance. PDPH Health Information Portal. https:\/\/hip.phila.gov\/DataReports\/TickborneDiseases (accessed 10 February 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0036","article-title":"Assessment of polymicrobial infections in ticks in New York state","volume":"10","author":"Tokarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00151","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00151-17","article-title":"Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi, and Powassan virus in ticks by a multiplex real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay","volume":"2","author":"Tokarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"MSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0600","series-title":"Impact of Chronic Underfunding of America\u2019s Public Health System, Trends, Risks, and Recommendations","author":"Trust for America\u2019s Health","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0605","first-page":"408","volume":"66","author":"Tutolo","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0610","series-title":"Wisconsin Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","author":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202018","article-title":"Human babesiosis","volume":"366","author":"Vannier","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0620","series-title":"Testing Ticks for Disease","author":"Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0625","series-title":"Reportable Diseases","author":"Vermont Department of Health","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0630","series-title":"2016 Report: Vermont Tickborne Disease Program","author":"Vermont Department of Health","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0635","series-title":"Virginia Reportable Disease List","author":"Virginia Department of Health","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0640","first-page":"320","article-title":"Powassan virus meningoencephalitis: a case report","volume":"121","author":"Wilson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0645","series-title":"Disease Reporting","author":"Wisconsin Department of Health Services","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0650","series-title":"Tickborne Infections","author":"Wisconsin Department of Health Services","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.181509","article-title":"Co-infections in persons with early lyme disease, New York, USA","volume":"25","author":"Wormser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877959X20302156?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877959X20302156?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T22:55:58Z","timestamp":1717023358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877959X20302156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1877959X20302156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-959X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-959X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The emergence of human Powassan virus infection in North America","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101540"}}