{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:27:40Z","timestamp":1790724460124,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":316,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Civilian Research Fund and Development Foundation","award":["OISE-16-62883-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OISE-16-62883-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T09:58:03Z","timestamp":1604224683000},"page":"101606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks, Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wasfi","family":"Fares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Dachraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seifedine","family":"Cherni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Barhoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talel Ben","family":"Slimane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hend","family":"Younsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elyes","family":"Zhioua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1730246","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis foci in northeast Italy revealed by combining virus detection in ticks, serosurvey on goats and human cases","volume":"9","author":"Alfano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.09.004","article-title":"Ixodes inopinatus occurring also outside the Mediterranean region","volume":"9","author":"Chitimia-Dobler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick- borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21389","article-title":"Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus from a novel endemic area of north eastern Italy","volume":"81","author":"D\u2019Agaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00194.x","article-title":"Sex-biased dispersal in the vecrtor of Lyme disease Ixodes ricinus","volume":"59","author":"De Mee\u00fbs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0025","first-page":"13","article-title":"Genotypes 4 and 5 of the tick-borne encephalitis virus: features of the genome structure and possible scenario for its formation","volume":"57","author":"Demina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vopr. Virusol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.4.737","article-title":"Reservoir role of the lizard, Psammodromus algirus, in the transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Spirochaetaceae) in Tunisia","volume":"43","author":"Dsouli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-1-179","article-title":"Sequence analysis and genetic classification of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from Europe and Asia","volume":"80","author":"Ecker","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0040","series-title":"Ticks of Domestic Animals in the Mediterranean Region, a Guide to Identification of Species","author":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.05.003","article-title":"Description of all stages of Ixodes inopinatus n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"5","author":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-012-9571-8","article-title":"Autochthonous and migratory birds as a dispersion source for Ixodes ricinus in Southern Italy","volume":"58","author":"Falchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.03.037","article-title":"West Nile virus in Tunisia, 2014: first isolation from mosquitoes","volume":"159","author":"Fares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0060","series-title":"Lyme Borreliosis: Biology, Epidemiology and Control","first-page":"149","article-title":"Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Europe","author":"Gern","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00206-1","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"57","author":"Gritsun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06506-4","article-title":"Ixodes inopinatus in northern Germany: occurrence and potential vector role for Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., and Anaplasma phagacytophilum in comparison with Ixodes ricinus","volume":"118","author":"Hauck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.04.019","article-title":"Ixodid ticks and tick-borne encephalitis virus prevalence in the South Asian part of Russia (Republic of Tuva)","volume":"10","author":"Kholodilov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.09.014","article-title":"Reconsidering the classification of tick-borne encephalitis virus within the Siberian subtype gives new insights into its evolutionary history","volume":"55","author":"Kovalev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923553","article-title":"Non-viraemic transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus: a mechanism for arbovirus survival in nature","volume":"49","author":"Labuda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11044","article-title":"Prevalence and genotyping of tick-borne encephalitis virus in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in a new endemic area in Western Switzerland","volume":"49","author":"Lommano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.07.001","article-title":"Tick-borne pathogens in ticks from breeding and migratory birds in Switzerland","volume":"5","author":"Lommano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050433","article-title":"Mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences and phylogenetic relationships of Rhipicephalus and other tick genera among Metastriata (Acari: ixodidae)","volume":"84","author":"Mangold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.08.010","article-title":"Lack of genetic structure among Eurasian populations of the tick Ixodes ricinus contrasts with marked divergence from north-African populations","volume":"41","author":"Noureddine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inter. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0110","series-title":"Les Tiques: Identification, Biologie, Importance M\u00e9dicale Et V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0115","series-title":"Ticks: Biology, Disease and Control","first-page":"220","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in Europe and North America","author":"Piesman","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003643","article-title":"Incidence from coincidence: patterns of tick infestations on rodents facilitate transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"118","author":"Randolph","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1922-1927.2001","article-title":"Comparison of flavivirus universal primer pairs and development of a rapid, highly sensitive heminested reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of flaviviruses targeted to a conserved region of the NS5 gene sequences","volume":"39","author":"Scaramozzino","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0130","first-page":"e145","article-title":"A lethal tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) due to TBE virus in Sicily (Italy): a case of IgG+\/IgM- response?","volume":"169","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.10.007","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia-an overview","volume":"2","author":"S\u00fcss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5. Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1308.061416","article-title":"Migrating birds and tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"13","author":"Waldenstr\u00f6m","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.4.1587-1593.2005","article-title":"Characterization of Borrelia lusitaniae isolates collected in Tunisia and Morocco","volume":"43","author":"Younsi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz216","article-title":"Ixodes inopinatus and Ixodes ricinus (Acari: ixodidae) are sympatric ticks in North Africa","volume":"57","author":"Younsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0160","first-page":"107","article-title":"Isolement d\u2019un spiroch\u00e8te \u00e0 partir d\u2019Ixodes ricinus de Tunisie","volume":"7","author":"Zhioua","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Fran\u00e7. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.2.216","article-title":"Infection of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: ixodidae) by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in North Africa","volume":"36","author":"Zhioua","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606_bib0170","first-page":"12","article-title":"Analysis of genetic variability of strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus by primary structure of a fragment of the membrane protein E gene","volume":"46","author":"Zlobin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vopr. Virusol."}],"container-title":["Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877959X20304763?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877959X20304763?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T10:49:08Z","timestamp":1619434148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877959X20304763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1877959X20304763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-959X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-959X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks, Tunisia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101606"}}