{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T21:27:13Z","timestamp":1794259633616,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T02:00:21Z","timestamp":1362535221000},"page":"309-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["The welfare of livestock transported by ship"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Clive J.C.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Santurtun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AHAW, 2011. Scientific opinion concerning the welfare of animals during transport. European Food Safety Authority Journal 9, 1\u2013125.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1971.tb14765.x","article-title":"Sea transport of New-Zealand cattle","volume":"47","author":"Andersen","year":"1971","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0015","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Animal Health, 1981. Sea Transport of Sheep. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(90)90079-S","article-title":"The validity of physiological and behavioural measures of animal welfare","volume":"25","author":"Barnett","year":"1990","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.844972x","article-title":"Physiological responses of Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle to prolonged, continuous heat and humidity","volume":"84","author":"Beatty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1071\/EA06041","article-title":"Electrolyte supplementation of live export cattle to the Middle East","volume":"47","author":"Beatty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1989.35602","article-title":"Live sheep shipments","volume":"37","author":"Black","year":"1989","journal-title":"New Zealand Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1990.35634","article-title":"Gastroenteritis and inanition diarrhea of sheep transported by ship","volume":"38","author":"Black","year":"1990","journal-title":"New Zealand Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1996.35940","article-title":"Inanition, stress and immunity in the expression of salmonellosis in the live sheep export industry","volume":"44","author":"Black","year":"1996","journal-title":"New Zealand Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1997.36007","article-title":"Sexual and agonistic behaviour modification associated with improved welfare of rams transported on long sea voyages","volume":"45","author":"Black","year":"1997","journal-title":"New Zealand Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80011-X","article-title":"Hormonal and physiological effects of a 15 hour road journey in sheep: Comparison with the responses to loading, handling and penning in the absence of transport","volume":"152","author":"Broom","year":"1996","journal-title":"British Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0250","unstructured":"DAFF, 2012. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Livestock Mortalities for Exports by Sea. http:\/\/www.daff.gov.au\/animal-plant-health\/welfare\/export-trade\/mortalities.\u29f91 \u2018\u2018sheep\u2019\u2019 http:\/\/www.daff.gov.au\/animal-plant-health\/welfare\/export-trade\/mortalities#sheep (accessed 21 August 2012)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1970.tb06678.x","article-title":"Muscular dystrophy in cattle suffering heavy mortalities during transport by sea","volume":"46","author":"Donaldson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0070","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of road and sea transport on inflammatory, adrenocortical, metabolic and behavioural responses of weanling heifers","volume":"6","author":"Earley","year":"2010","journal-title":"BioMed Central Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.09.020","article-title":"The effect of sea transport from Ireland to the Lebanon on inflammatory, adrenocortical, metabolic and behavioural responses of bulls","volume":"91","author":"Earley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.04.002","article-title":"The effect of transport by road and sea on physiology, immunity and behaviour of beef cattle","volume":"92","author":"Earley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0255","series-title":"Long Distance Transport and Welfare of Farm Animals","first-page":"324","article-title":"Australia and New Zealand","author":"Fisher","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0085","unstructured":"Gherardi, S.G., Johnson, T.J., 1994. Period of lot-feeding of feral goats before live export by ship. In: Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, Perth, Australia, pp. 194\u2013197."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0090","series-title":"Livestock Handling and Transport","author":"Grandin","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0095","first-page":"235","article-title":"Engineering and design of holding yards, loading ramps and handling facilities for land and sea transport of livestock","volume":"44","author":"Grandin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinaria Italiana"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0100","first-page":"397","article-title":"The impact of live animal transportation on the epizootiology of foot and mouth disease in Saudi Arabia","volume":"101","author":"Hafez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800051055","article-title":"Physiological responses of sheep during long road journeys involving ferry crossings","volume":"69","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Animal Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0110","unstructured":"Heazlewood, P.G., Kelly, A., Foot, J.Z., 1992. Effect of distance of trucking on feeding behaviour and liveweight change of sheep during preshipping feedlotting. In: Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, Perth, Australia, pp. 456."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9910205","article-title":"Season, age and adiposity influence death rates in sheep exported by sea","volume":"42","author":"Higgs","year":"1991","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1996.tb15407.x","article-title":"Contagious ecthyma in the live sheep export industry","volume":"74","author":"Higgs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1978.tb02427.x","article-title":"Health problems associated with the export of live sheep","volume":"54","author":"McAuliffe","year":"1978","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1071\/EA9880719","article-title":"Feed additives for attracting sheep to eat a pelleted diet during assembly for live export","volume":"28","author":"McDonald","year":"1988","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0135","series-title":"Long Distance Transport and Welfare of Farm Animals","first-page":"182","article-title":"Africa","author":"Menczer","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.09-0531","article-title":"Physiological responses of erythrocytes of goats to transportation and the modulatory role of ascorbic acid","volume":"72","author":"Minka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11079.x","article-title":"Cattle deaths during sea transport from Australia","volume":"81","author":"Norris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.24.2.1606","article-title":"Transport of animals by sea","volume":"24","author":"Norris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revue Scientifique Et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800008961","article-title":"Effects of a maximum permissible journey time (31 h) on physiological responses of fleeced and shorn sheep to transport, with observations on behaviour during a short (1 h) rest-stop","volume":"66","author":"Parrott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Animal Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2008.09.008","article-title":"Space allowances for confined livestock and their determination from allometric principles","volume":"117","author":"Petherick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13336.x","article-title":"Ethical perspectives of the Australian live export trade","volume":"83","author":"Phillips","year":"2005","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0170","series-title":"Long Distance Transport and Welfare of Farm Animals","first-page":"137","article-title":"The welfare of livestock during sea transport","author":"Phillips","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3089","article-title":"The physiological and behavioral responses of steers to gaseous ammonia in simulated long-distance transport by ship","volume":"88","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4575","article-title":"The physiological and behavioral responses of sheep to gaseous ammonia","volume":"90","author":"Phillips","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2011.05.027","article-title":"The avoidance of ammonia by sheep","volume":"7","author":"Phillips","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Behavior Clinical Applications and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600027421","article-title":"Stakeholders\u2019 assessment of welfare indicators for sheep and cattle exported by sea from Australia","volume":"16","author":"Pines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal Welfare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1039\/c1em10425j","article-title":"Accumulation of ammonia and other potentially noxious gases on live export shipments from Australia to the Middle East","volume":"13","author":"Pines","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Monitoring"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1989.tb03011.x","article-title":"Causes of death in sheep exported live by sea","volume":"66","author":"Richards","year":"1989","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9910215","article-title":"Seasonal metabolic factors may be responsible for deaths in sheep exported by sea","volume":"42","author":"Richards","year":"1991","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0210","first-page":"113","article-title":"The effect of dietary attapulgite and bentonite on liveweight change of export sheep","volume":"13","author":"Round","year":"2000","journal-title":"Asian\u2013Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07439.x","article-title":"Performance of Australian wethers in Arabian Gulf feedlots after transport by sea","volume":"69","author":"Scharp","year":"1992","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0220","first-page":"247","article-title":"Engineering and design of vessels for sea transport of animals: The Australian design regulations for livestock carriers","volume":"44","author":"Schultz-Altmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinaria Italiana"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1071\/AN10120","article-title":"Effect of prolonged exposure to continuous heat and humidity similar to long haul live export voyages in Merino wethers","volume":"51","author":"Stockman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal Production Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2008.06.001","article-title":"Effects of weaning and 48 h transport by road and ferry on some blood indicators of welfare in lambs","volume":"121","author":"Tadich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Livestock Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07764.x","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency in sheep exported live by sea","volume":"67","author":"Thomas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0240","article-title":"Public response to media coverage of animal cruelty","author":"Tiplady","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1995.35896","article-title":"Specification of pen rail spacing and trough heights to prevent escape and enable good access to feed by sheep during sea shipments from New Zealand","volume":"43","author":"Waghorn","year":"1995","journal-title":"New Zealand Veterinary Journal"}],"container-title":["The Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1090023313000166?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1090023313000166?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:27:10Z","timestamp":1761071230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1090023313000166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1090023313000166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-0233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-0233","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The welfare of livestock transported by ship","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Veterinary Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}