{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:07:44Z","timestamp":1790708864117,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP140100315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP140100315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,8]],"date-time":"2015-10-08T19:46:41Z","timestamp":1444333601000},"page":"252-260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Chlamydia pecorum infections in sheep and cattle: A common and under-recognised infectious disease with significant impact on animal health"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effie J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Timms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Polkinghorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0010","author":"Aiello"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-46-1-245","article-title":"Analyses of the genomes of chlamydial isolated from ruminants and pigs support the adoption of the new species Chlamydia pecorum","volume":"46","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.120.10.238","article-title":"A chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis in a British sheep flock","volume":"120","author":"Andrews","year":"1987","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-667","article-title":"Comparative genomics of koala, cattle and sheep strains of Chlamydia pecorum","volume":"15","author":"Bachmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0030","series-title":"Animal Health Australia Vo1. 1: Viral Diseases of Farm Livestock","article-title":"Polyarthritis of lambs","author":"Beveridge","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(67)90009-6","article-title":"Experimental pneumonia in sheep","volume":"77","author":"Biberstein","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00691-06","article-title":"Therapeutic Chlamydophila abortus and C. pecorum vaccination transiently reduces bovine mastitis associated with Chlamydophila infection","volume":"75","author":"Biesenkamp-Uhe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.8.2508","article-title":"Chemical and serological investigations on the genus-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope of chlamydia","volume":"84","author":"Brade","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(97)80064-0","article-title":"Isolation of faecal chlamydia from sheep in Britain and their characterization by cultural properties","volume":"153","author":"Clarkson","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1972.161.11.1213","article-title":"Chlamydial polyarthritis of lambs: A review","volume":"161","author":"Cutlip","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1726-1729.2003","article-title":"Quantitative detection of Chlamydia psittaci and C. pecorum by high sensitivity real-time PCR reveals high prevalence of vaginal infection in cattle","volume":"41","author":"DeGraves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1974.35.07.939","article-title":"Pathologic changes in intestinal chlamydial infection of newborn calves","volume":"35","author":"Doughri","year":"1974","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(62)80008-3","article-title":"The pathogenesis of ovine pneumonia: II. Isolation of virus from faeces; comparison of pneumonia caused by faecal, enzootic abortion and pneumonitis viruses","volume":"72","author":"Dungworth","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-88","article-title":"Defining syndromes using cattle meat inspection data for syndromic surveillance purposes: A statistical approach with the 2005\u20132010 data from ten French slaughterhouses","volume":"9","author":"Dupuy","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/123.1.41","article-title":"Pathogenetic events in intestinal chlamydial infections leading to polyarthritis in calves","volume":"123","author":"Eugster","year":"1971","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.2.4.351-359.1970","article-title":"Immunofluorescent studies on the pathogenesis of intestinal chlamydial infections in claves","volume":"2","author":"Eugster","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00213-3","article-title":"Chlamydia and Chlamydiales: More than meets the eye","volume":"75","author":"Everett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-2-415","volume":"49","author":"Everett","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.3.709","article-title":"Seroepidemiologic survey for Chlamydia suis in wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations in Italy","volume":"47","author":"Francesco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-42-2-306","article-title":"Proposal of Chlamydia pecorum sp. nov. for chlamydia strains derived from ruminants","volume":"42","author":"Fukushi","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.1.127","article-title":"Serological investigations for some bacterial and viral pathogens in fallow deer (Cervus dama) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) of the San Rossore preserve, Tuscany, Italy","volume":"24","author":"Giovannini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4801","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01487-05","article-title":"Transcriptional response patterns of Chlamydophila psittaci in different in vitro models of persistent infection","volume":"74","author":"Goellner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.1.87","article-title":"New knowledge of chlamydiae and the diseases they cause","volume":"132","author":"Grayston","year":"1975","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12362","article-title":"Identification of chlamydiae and mycoplasma species in ruminants with ocular infections","volume":"60","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Letters in Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.07.024","article-title":"Comparison of antigen detection and quantitative PCR in the detection of chlamydial infection in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"195","author":"Hanger","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1457-1464.2000","article-title":"Chlamydial development is adversely affected by minor changes in amino acid supply, blood plasma amino acid levels, and glucose deprivation","volume":"68","author":"Harper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.1843-1855.2004","article-title":"Chlamydial persistence: Beyond the biphasic paradigm","volume":"72","author":"Hogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2007027","article-title":"A clinically silent respiratory infection with Chlamydophila spp. in calves is associated with airway obstruction and pulmonary inflammation","volume":"38","author":"Jaeger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5664","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5664-5672.2004","article-title":"High prevalence of natural Chlamydophila species infection in calves","volume":"42","author":"Jee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00992-13","article-title":"Multilocus sequence analysis provides insights into molecular epidemiology of Chlamydia pecorum infections in Australian sheep, cattle, and koalas","volume":"51","author":"Jelocnik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-121","article-title":"Molecular and pathological insights into Chlamydia pecorum-associated sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis (SBE) in Western Australia","volume":"10","author":"Jelocnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.08.018","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between Chlamydia pecorum sequence types and disease using species-specific multi-locus sequence typing scheme (MLST)","volume":"174","author":"Jelocnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-005-0832-4","article-title":"Bovine Chlamydophila spp. infection: Do we underestimate the impact on fertility?","volume":"29","author":"Kaltenboeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinary Research Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.036","article-title":"OmpA and antigenic diversity of bovine Chlamydophila pecorum strains","volume":"135","author":"Kaltenboeck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.10.013","article-title":"The prevalence of chlamydiae of bulls from six bull studs in Germany","volume":"102","author":"Kauffold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0185","first-page":"51","article-title":"Miyagawanella: Psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group of viruses. 5. Isolation of a virus from feces of naturally infected sheep","volume":"28","author":"Kawakami","year":"1958","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2051","article-title":"Chlamydophila species in dairy farms: Polymerase chain reaction prevalence, disease association, and risk factors identified in a cross-sectional study in western Germany","volume":"92","author":"Kemmerling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0195","author":"Kemp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2011.00807.x","article-title":"Neurological diseases of ruminant livestock in Australia. III: Bacterial and protozoal infections","volume":"89","author":"Kessell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.125","article-title":"Vaccination of healthy and diseased koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with a Chlamydia pecorum multi-subunit vaccine: Evaluation of immunity and pathology","volume":"30","author":"Kollipara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74808","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074808","article-title":"Vaccination of koalas with a recombinant Chlamydia pecorum major outer membrane protein induces antibodies of different specificity compared to those following a natural live infection","volume":"8","author":"Kollipara","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-29","article-title":"High frequency of chlamydial co-infections in clinically healthy sheep flocks","volume":"7","author":"Lenzko","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(03)00106-0","article-title":"Chlamydial infections of domestic ruminants and swine: New nomenclature and new knowledge","volume":"168","author":"Longbottom","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2002.0629","article-title":"Animal chlamydioses and zoonotic implications","volume":"128","author":"Longbottom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0230","series-title":"Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals","first-page":"167","author":"Maxie","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0235","first-page":"23","article-title":"Treatment of chlamydial infections","volume":"68","author":"M\u00e5rdh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. Supplementum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0240","first-page":"437","article-title":"Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis (Buss disease)","volume":"30","author":"McNutt","year":"1940","journal-title":"Cornell Veterinarian"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-28.2.171","article-title":"Chlamydial-caused infectious keratoconjunctivitis in bighorn sheep of Yellowstone National Park","volume":"28","author":"Meagher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0250","first-page":"68","article-title":"Polyarthritis in sheep. I. Description of the disease and experimental transmission","volume":"21","author":"Mendlowski","year":"1960","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3690","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00454-11","article-title":"Genome sequence of the obligate intracellular animal pathogen Chlamydia pecorum E58","volume":"193","author":"Mojica","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.06.003","article-title":"Identification of certain management practices and health data associated chlamydia infection status in German dairy herds","volume":"197","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4648","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400120","article-title":"CD8+ T cells define an unexpected role in live-attenuated vaccine protective immunity against Chlamydia trachomatis infection in macaques","volume":"15","author":"Olivares-Zavaleta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.30.3.2088","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila pecorum infections in goats and sheep in Egypt","volume":"30","author":"Osman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revue scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64066","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064066","article-title":"Infection, disease, and transmission dynamics in calves after experimental and natural challenge with a bovine Chlamydia psittaci isolate","volume":"8","author":"Ostermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-16-2-223","article-title":"Revision of the family Chlamydiaceae Rake (Rickettsiales): Unification of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum-trachoma group of organisms in the genus Chlamydia Jones, Rake and Stearns, 1945","volume":"16","author":"Page","year":"1966","journal-title":"International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0285","series-title":"Diseases of Cattle in Australasia, A Comprehensive Textbook","first-page":"832","article-title":"Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis","author":"Parkinson","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2003.tb12543.x","article-title":"Effect of mulesing and shearing on the prevalence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae arthritis in lambs","volume":"81","author":"Paton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2818-2821.1998","article-title":"Experimental infection of pregnant ewes with Chlamydia pecorum","volume":"66","author":"Philips","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.144.5.126","article-title":"Encephalitis related to Chlamydia psittaci infection in a 14-week-old calf","volume":"144","author":"Piercy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0305","author":"Pointon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.034","article-title":"Molecular evidence for chlamydial infections in the eyes of sheep","volume":"135","author":"Polkinghorne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.02.026","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the biology, epidemiology and control of chlamydial infections in koalas","volume":"165","author":"Polkinghorne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44961","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044961","article-title":"Asymptomatic endemic Chlamydia pecorum infections reduce growth rates in calves by up to 48 percent","volume":"7","author":"Poudel","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0119736","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119736","article-title":"Enrofloxacin and macrolides alone or in combination with rifampicin as antimicrobial treatment in a bovine model of acute Chlamydia psittaci infection","volume":"10","author":"Prohl","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0330","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial treatment in a bovine model of acute Chlamydia psittaci infection: Tetracycline versus tetracycline plus rifampicin","volume":"73","author":"Prohl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathogens and Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/104063878900100405","article-title":"Diagnostic features of Chlamydia infection in dairy calves","volume":"1","author":"Reggiardo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.01.004","article-title":"Impact of latent infections with Chlamydophila species in young cattle","volume":"175","author":"Reinhold","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.09.003","article-title":"Chlamydiaceae in cattle: Commensals, trigger organisms, or pathogens?","volume":"189","author":"Reinhold","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.01.008","article-title":"Recurrence of Chlamydia suis infection in pigs after short-term antimicrobial treatment","volume":"187","author":"Reinhold","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.01.010","article-title":"Efficacy of live Chlamydophila abortus vaccine 1B in protecting mice placentas and foetuses against strains of Chlamydophila pecorum isolated from cases of abortion","volume":"99","author":"Rekiki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.125.4.87","article-title":"Variations in the virulence of strains of Chlamydia psittaci for pregnant ewes","volume":"125","author":"Rodolakis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0365","first-page":"275","article-title":"Recent advances on ovine chlamydial abortion","volume":"29","author":"Rodolakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547201","article-title":"Bovine mastitis induced by a common intestinal Chlamydia psittaci strain. A pathogenic and serological investigation","volume":"22","author":"R\u00f8nsholt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.040","article-title":"Recent developments in the laboratory diagnosis of chlamydial infections","volume":"135","author":"Sachse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2013.12.004","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of two new members of the family Chlamydiaceae and proposal of Chlamydia avium sp. nov. and Chlamydia gallinacea sp. nov","volume":"2014","author":"Sachse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Systematic and Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0385","author":"Sackett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-23","article-title":"Genome sequencing and comparative analysis of three Chlamydia pecorum strains associated with different pathogenic outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Sait","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0395","first-page":"443","article-title":"Chlamydiae as agents of human and animal diseases","volume":"49","author":"Schachter","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.9.1.92-94.1974","article-title":"Serotyping of chlamydia: Isolates of ovine origin","volume":"9","author":"Schachter","year":"1974","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.11.5.904-907.1975","article-title":"Serotyping of chlamydia: Isolates of bovine origin","volume":"11","author":"Schachter","year":"1975","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0410","first-page":"2","article-title":"Chlamydial infection in animals: A review","volume":"21","author":"Shewen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0415","first-page":"943","article-title":"Pathologic study of psittacosis-lymphogranuloma polyarthritis of lambs","volume":"25","author":"Shupe","year":"1964","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0420","series-title":"Large Animal Internal Medicine","author":"Smith","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1971.tb02116.x","article-title":"The isolation of Chlamydiae from faeces of sheep in Australia","volume":"47","author":"St. George","year":"1971","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00516.x","article-title":"Divergence without difference: Phylogenetics and taxonomy of chlamydia resolved","volume":"55","author":"Stephens","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0435","series-title":"Rickettsial and Chlamydial Diseases of Domestic Animals","first-page":"27","article-title":"The Chlamydiales","author":"Storz","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0440","series-title":"Rickettsial and Chlamydial Diseases of Domestic Animals","first-page":"363","article-title":"Diversity of chlamydia-induced diseases","author":"Storz","year":"1993"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.38.Suppl_1.111","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chlamydial polyarthritis in domestic animals: Characteristics of causative agent","volume":"38","author":"Storz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0450","first-page":"987","article-title":"Polyarthritis of calves: Experimental induction by a psittacosis agent","volume":"27","author":"Storz","year":"1966","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0455","first-page":"633","article-title":"Polyarthritis of calves: Isolation of psittacosis agents from affected joints","volume":"27","author":"Storz","year":"1966","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1976.37.05.517","article-title":"Urogenital infection and seminal excretion after inoculation of bulls and rams with chlamydiae","volume":"37","author":"Storz","year":"1976","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.12.012","article-title":"An investigation into the role of Chlamydophila spp. in bovine upper respiratory tract disease","volume":"171","author":"Twomey","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0470","author":"Walker"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0475","author":"Watt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.05.009","article-title":"Production, reproductive, and metabolic factors associated with chlamydial seropositivity and reproductive tract antigens in dairy herds with fertility disorders","volume":"63","author":"Wehrend","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.f469","article-title":"Chlamydia in cases of cattle pneumonia in Scotland","volume":"172","author":"Wheelhouse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.12.018","article-title":"Seroprevalence of chlamydial infection in cattle in Ireland","volume":"193","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(63)80030-2","article-title":"Psittacosis lymphogranuloma-venereum group viruses in sheep: Comparison between a faecal and an enzootic abortion strain","volume":"73","author":"Wilson","year":"1963","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)34534-X","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumonia of calves","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0505","first-page":"237","article-title":"The occurrence of Chlamydia psittaci in the genital tract and feces of slaughtered female cattle","volume":"35","author":"Wittenbrink","year":"1988","journal-title":"Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0510","first-page":"437","article-title":"Endometritis in cattle experimentally induced by Chlamydia psittaci","volume":"40","author":"Wittenbrink","year":"1993","journal-title":"Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0515","series-title":"Approaches to the antimicrobial treatment of persistent Chlamydia psittaci infections","author":"Wolf","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.037","article-title":"Longitudinal prevalence and faecal shedding of Chlamydia pecorum in sheep","volume":"201","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.06.009","article-title":"Preliminary phylogenetic identification of virulent Chlamydophila pecorum strains","volume":"8","author":"Yousef Mohamad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103615","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103615","article-title":"Host adaptation of Chlamydia pecorum towards low virulence evident in co-evolution of the ompA, incA, and ORF663 loci","volume":"9","author":"Yousef Mohamad","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["The Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1090023315003925?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1090023315003925?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T23:46:03Z","timestamp":1748648763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1090023315003925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1090023315003925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-0233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-0233","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Chlamydia pecorum infections in sheep and cattle: A common and under-recognised infectious disease with significant impact on animal health","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Veterinary Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.09.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}