{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:07:52Z","timestamp":1793905672833,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,25]],"date-time":"2015-10-25T16:07:00Z","timestamp":1445789220000},"page":"13-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The importance of muscarinic receptors in domestic animal diseases and therapy: Current and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Getu","family":"Abraham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2005.05.007","article-title":"Agonist-independent alteration in beta-adrenoceptor-G-protein-adenylate cyclase system in an equine model of recurrent airway obstruction","volume":"19","author":"Abraham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-006-3396-z","article-title":"Segment-dependent expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and G-protein coupling in the equine respiratory tract","volume":"31","author":"Abraham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Research Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00897.x","article-title":"Equine recurrent airway obstruction does not alter airway muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression and subtype distribution","volume":"30","author":"Abraham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0025","volume":"vol. Suppl.","author":"Alexander","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1985.tb08878.x","article-title":"A search for selective antagonists at M2 muscarinic receptors","volume":"85","author":"Barlow","year":"1985","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1976.tb08631.x","article-title":"A comparison of affinity constants for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in guinea-pig atrial pacemaker cells at 29 degrees C and in ileum at 29 degrees C and 37 degrees C","volume":"58","author":"Barlow","year":"1976","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0040","first-page":"11","article-title":"New subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors","author":"Bonner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(88)90190-0","article-title":"Cloning and expression of the human and rat m5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes","volume":"1","author":"Bonner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/333370a0","article-title":"Removal of phosphorylation sites from the beta 2-adrenergic receptor delays onset of agonist-promoted desensitization","volume":"333","author":"Bouvier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.65.6.2720","article-title":"Effects of atropine in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction","volume":"65","author":"Broadstone","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-0600(91)90011-Q","article-title":"In vitro responses of airway smooth muscle from horses with recurrent airway obstruction","volume":"4","author":"Broadstone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pulmonary Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01425-X","article-title":"Adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in the human heart","volume":"51","author":"Brodde","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2708-2711.2004","article-title":"Purification and characterization of recombinant Staphylococcus haemolyticus DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV expressed in Escherichia coli","volume":"48","author":"Bronstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.0005z.x","article-title":"G-protein coupled receptor kinases as modulators of G-protein signalling","volume":"517","author":"B\u00fcnemann","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(93)90027-B","article-title":"Muscarinic receptors \u2013 characterization, coupling and function","volume":"58","author":"Caulfield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01362-0","article-title":"International union of pharmacology. XVII. Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"50","author":"Caulfield","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2680.2001.00231.x","article-title":"The minor population of M3-receptors mediate contraction of human detrusor muscle in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Chess-Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Autonomic Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703901","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptors in dog isolated ciliary and urinary bladder smooth muscle","volume":"132","author":"Choppin","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.22.8698","article-title":"Stimulation of arachidonic acid release and inhibition of mitogenesis by cloned genes for muscarinic receptor subtypes stably expressed in A9 L cells","volume":"85","author":"Conklin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(03)00004-4","article-title":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and airway diseases","volume":"98","author":"Coulson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31284-X","article-title":"Propylbenzilylcholine mustard labels an acidic residue in transmembrane helix 3 of the muscarinic receptor","volume":"264","author":"Curtis","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)08268-0","article-title":"The action of certain esters and ethers of choline, and relation to muscarine","volume":"6","author":"Dale","year":"1914","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)08532-3","article-title":"Agonist-dependent phosphorylation of human muscarinic receptors in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cell membranes by G protein-coupled receptor kinases","volume":"47","author":"Debburman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2001.0835","article-title":"Muscarinic receptors in the mammalian heart","volume":"44","author":"Dhein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(96)00208-0","article-title":"Differential effects of the M1-M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes on intracellular calcium and on the incorporation of choline into membrane lipids in genetically modified Chinese hamster ovary cell lines","volume":"42","author":"Dolezal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(97)80052-4","article-title":"Airway response of horses with COPD to dry powder inhalation of ipratropium bromide","volume":"154","author":"Duvivier","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01054-2","article-title":"Muscarinic receptors and gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle function","volume":"68","author":"Eglen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-8673.2006.00368.x","article-title":"Muscarinic receptor subtypes in neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic function","volume":"26","author":"Eglen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autonomic and Autacoid Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.077909","article-title":"The M2 muscarinic receptor mediates contraction through indirect mechanisms in mouse urinary bladder","volume":"313","author":"Ehlert","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.8.7768353","article-title":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: Signal transduction through multiple effectors","volume":"9","author":"Felder","year":"1995","journal-title":"The FASEB Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1021\/jm990607u","article-title":"Therapeutic opportunities for muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system","volume":"43","author":"Felder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01478-9","article-title":"Evolving concepts in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis: The role in receptor desensitization and signaling","volume":"53","author":"Ferguson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5247.363","article-title":"Role of beta-arrestin in mediating agonist-promoted G protein coupled receptor internalization","volume":"271","author":"Ferguson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)10723-4","article-title":"M2 muscarinic receptors inhibit isoproterenol-induced relaxation of canine airway smooth muscle","volume":"262","author":"Fernandes","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0180","first-page":"319","article-title":"Desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors","volume":"51","author":"Freedman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Recent Progress in Hormone Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1999.15.257","article-title":"Ocular effects of antimuscarinic compounds: Is clinical effect determined by binding affinity for muscarinic receptors or melanin pigment?","volume":"15","author":"German","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(87)90568-1","article-title":"Muscarinic receptor heterogeneity in guinea pig intestinal smooth muscle: Binding studies with AF-DX 116","volume":"141","author":"Giraldo","year":"1987","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.36.040196.002241","article-title":"Diversity and selectivity of receptor-G protein interaction","volume":"36","author":"Gudermann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.04.016","article-title":"Cyclic nucleotide-dependent phosphodiesterases (PDEI) inhibition by muscarinic antagonists in bovine tracheal smooth muscle","volume":"68","author":"Guerra de Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.11.5035","article-title":"Regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA expression by activation of homologous and heterologous receptors","volume":"89","author":"Habecker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(98)01231-0","article-title":"Regulation of the expression and function of the M2-muscarinic receptor","volume":"19","author":"Haddad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0215","first-page":"L642","article-title":"Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in pig airways: Radioligand binding and northern blotting studies","volume":"266","author":"Haddad","year":"1994","journal-title":"The American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)80968-O","article-title":"Dual regulation by G proteins of agonist-dependent phosphorylation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"268","author":"Haga","year":"1990","journal-title":"FEBS Letter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)45865-6","article-title":"Activation by G protein beta gamma subunits of agonist- or light-dependent phosphorylation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and rhodopsin","volume":"267","author":"Haga","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01216.x","article-title":"Phosphorylation by protein kinase C of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor","volume":"54","author":"Haga","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5372.2074","article-title":"G proteins and small GTPases: Distant relatives keep in touch","volume":"280","author":"Hall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/283090a0","article-title":"Pirenzepine distinguishes between different subclasses of muscarinic receptors","volume":"283","author":"Hammer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(86)90409-1","article-title":"Binding profile of a novel cardioselective muscarine receptor antagonist, AF-DX 116, to membranes of peripheral tissues and brain in the rat","volume":"38","author":"Hammer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00745-8","article-title":"Pharmacological basis for functional selectivity of partial muscarinic receptor agonists","volume":"297","author":"Heldman","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0255","first-page":"493","article-title":"Management of severe obstructive pulmonary disease with inhaled bronchodilator treatment in a horse","volume":"34","author":"Hoffman","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.30.040190.003221","article-title":"Muscarinic receptor subtypes","volume":"30","author":"Hulme","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.10.138","article-title":"Mucosal muscarinic receptors enhance bladder activity in cats with feline interstitial cystitis","volume":"181","author":"Ikeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Urololgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17170.x","article-title":"Two populations of muscarinic binding sites in the chick heart distinguished by affinities for ligands and selective inactivation","volume":"113","author":"Jakub\u00edk","year":"1994","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(94)90092-2","article-title":"Toxins from mamba venoms: Small proteins with selectivities for different subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"15","author":"Jerusalinsky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0280","first-page":"39","article-title":"Sensitization of adenylyl cyclase by P2 purinergic and M5 muscarinic receptor agonists in L cells","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06948-0","article-title":"The classification of seven transmembrane receptors in recombinant expression systems","volume":"48","author":"Kenakin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0741721.x","article-title":"Distinct internalization of M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors confers selective and long-lasting desensitization of signaling to phospholipase C","volume":"74","author":"Krudewig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/323411a0","article-title":"Cloning, sequencing and expression of complementary DNA encoding the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor","volume":"323","author":"Kubo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/10606820308263","article-title":"Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"9","author":"Lanzafame","year":"2003","journal-title":"Receptors and Channels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.07.999","article-title":"In vitro responses of distal airways in horses with recurrent airway obstruction","volume":"52","author":"LeBlanc","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4892(02)00225-4","article-title":"Pharmacology of transmission to gastrointestinal muscle","volume":"2","author":"Lecci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2163110","article-title":"Beta-arrestin: A protein that regulates beta-adrenergic receptor function","volume":"248","author":"Lohse","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31701-5","article-title":"Expression, purification, and characterization of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK6","volume":"269","author":"Loudon","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-006-9784-9","article-title":"Calmodulin binding to peptides derived from the i3 loop of muscarinic receptors","volume":"23","author":"Lucas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2005.00693.x","article-title":"In vitro effects of bethanechol on equine gastrointestinal contractility and functional characterization of involved muscarinic receptor subtypes","volume":"28","author":"Marti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2014-0111","article-title":"Autonomic drugs in the treatment of canine and feline glaucoma \u2013 Part II: Medications that lower intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humour production","volume":"17","author":"Ma\u015blanka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0340","first-page":"31","article-title":"Role of M1 muscarinic receptor subtypes in mediating airway smooth muscle contraction","volume":"15","author":"Matera","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Tissue Reactions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1006\/pupt.2002.0390","article-title":"Innervation of equine airways","volume":"15","author":"Matera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.02.027","article-title":"MAPK pathway mediates muscarinic receptor-induced human lung fibroblast proliferation","volume":"80","author":"Matthiesen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Life Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00629.2003","article-title":"Energetic cost of breathing, body composition, and pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction","volume":"97","author":"Mazan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00912.x","article-title":"Feline glaucoma \u2013 a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"McLellan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(88)90089-2","article-title":"Polymethylene tetramines: A new generation of selective muscarinic antagonists","volume":"9","author":"Melchiorre","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12108","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptors in the contractions of isolated bronchi in the horse","volume":"37","author":"Menozzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90349-4","article-title":"Methoctramine, a polymethylene tetraamine, Differentiates three subtypes of muscarinic receptor in direct binding studies","volume":"145","author":"Michel","year":"1988","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0380","first-page":"284","article-title":"Radioligand binding characteristics of the chicken cardiac muscarinic receptor","volume":"340","author":"Michel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1980.tb02286.x","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Effects of bronchodilator drugs on normal and affected horses","volume":"12","author":"Murphy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00577-3","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the regulation of muscarinic receptor expression and function","volume":"64","author":"Nadler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.08.029","article-title":"Binding sites of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors in gastrointestinal tissues of dairy cows suffering from left displacement of the abomasum","volume":"86","author":"Ontsouka","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5480.739","article-title":"Crystal structure of rhodopsin: A G protein-coupled receptor","volume":"289","author":"Palczewski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1989.194.09.1287","article-title":"Comparison of bronchodilators in alleviating clinical signs in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"194","author":"Pearson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02733.x","article-title":"Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"6","author":"Peralta","year":"1987","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.10087","article-title":"Cholinergic and noncholinergic innervation of the smooth muscle layers in the bovine abomasum","volume":"267","author":"Pfannkuche","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.67.1.653","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptor kinases","volume":"67","author":"Pitcher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annual Review of Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.05.037","article-title":"Drugs of anesthesia acting on central cholinergic system may cause post-operative cognitive dysfunction and delirium","volume":"65","author":"Pratic\u00f2","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2005.00892.x","article-title":"Muscarinic receptors, leukotriene B4 production and neutrophilic inflammation in COPD patients","volume":"60","author":"Profita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.050","article-title":"Control by cholinergic mechanisms","volume":"533","author":"Rack\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13650","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)38697-1","article-title":"Phosphorylation and desensitization of human m2 muscarinic cholinergic receptors by two isoforms of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase","volume":"268","author":"Richardson","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1951.tb39932.x","article-title":"The pharmacology of Flaxedil, with observations on certain analogs","volume":"54","author":"Riker","year":"1951","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02967.x","article-title":"The airway response of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) to aerosol administration of ipratropium bromide","volume":"25","author":"Robinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90589-4","article-title":"Muscarinic M2 receptors in bovine tracheal smooth muscle: Discrepancies between binding and function","volume":"153","author":"Roffel","year":"1988","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M004957200","article-title":"The M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expressed in HEK-293 cells signals to phospholipase D via G12 but not Gq-type G proteins: Regulators of G proteins as tools to dissect pertussis toxin-resistant G proteins in receptor-effector coupling","volume":"276","author":"R\u00fcmenapp","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1139\/y05-022","article-title":"Acetylcholine-induced phosphorylation of CPI-17 in rat bronchial smooth muscle: The roles of Rho-kinase and protein kinase C","volume":"83","author":"Sakai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)38078-5","article-title":"Coupling of transfected muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes to phospholipase D","volume":"266","author":"Sandmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18882","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.30.18882","article-title":"Synergistic regulation of m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor desensitization and sequestration by G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 and beta-arrestin-1","volume":"272","author":"Schlador","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.09.1416","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic receptor activity in ponies with recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"52","author":"Scott","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000076924","article-title":"Differential alterations of receptor densities of three muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes and current densities of the corresponding K+ channels in canine atria with atrial fibrillation induced by experimental congestive heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)38982-2","article-title":"Comparison of muscarinic receptor properties in hatched chick heart atrium and ventricle","volume":"236","author":"Sorota","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)41747-9","article-title":"Acetylcholine mustard labels the binding site aspartate in muscarinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"269","author":"Spalding","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.12.1992","article-title":"Distribution of muscarinic receptor subtypes and interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy dairy cows","volume":"67","author":"Stoffel","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1994.10.137","article-title":"M3 muscarinic receptors mediate an increase in both inositol trisphosphate production and cyclic AMP formation in dog iris sphincter smooth muscle","volume":"10","author":"Tachado","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020924921676","article-title":"Muscarinic receptors in equine airways","volume":"26","author":"T\u00f6rneke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veterinary Research Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)31665-X","article-title":"Sequestration of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor m2 subtypes. Facilitation by G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK2) and attenuation by a dominant negative mutant of GRK2","volume":"269","author":"Tsuga","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04885.x","article-title":"Location in muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of sites for [3H] propylbenzilylcholine mustard binding and for phosphorylation with protein kinase C","volume":"54","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(03)00032-9","article-title":"Regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling","volume":"98","author":"van Koppen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1997.9694740","article-title":"Characterization of muscarinic receptors in equine tracheal smooth muscle in vitro","volume":"19","author":"van Nieuwstadt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Veterinary Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113528","article-title":"Impaired cardiac muscarinic receptor function in dogs with heart failure","volume":"81","author":"Vatner","year":"1988","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(02)00174-2","article-title":"Cholinergic innervation and function in the prostate gland","volume":"94","author":"Ventura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(03)45003-6","article-title":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in cerebral cortex and hippocampus","volume":"145","author":"Volpicelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/151.3_Pt_1.830","article-title":"Acetylcholine release from airway cholinergic nerves in horses with heaves, an airway obstructive disease","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-2187-9-1","article-title":"Multiple functions of G protein-coupled receptor kinases","volume":"9","author":"Watari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Signaling"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.3.223","article-title":"Effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibition on quality of recovery from isoflurane-induced anesthesia in horses","volume":"75","author":"Wiese","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-003-0796-2","article-title":"Existence of functional M3-muscarinic receptors in the human heart","volume":"368","author":"Willmy-Matthes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3109\/10799899209074805","article-title":"Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in canine left ventricular membranes","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Receptor Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01839329","article-title":"Muscarinic receptor subtypes in equine tracheal smooth muscle","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Veterinary Research Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.1.339","article-title":"Inhibitory nerve distribution and mediation of NANC relaxation by nitric oxide in horse airways","volume":"76","author":"Yu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0585","first-page":"943","article-title":"Muscarinic receptors in canine colonic circular smooth muscle. I. Coexistence of M2 and M3 subtypes","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.200309002","article-title":"G-protein-gated TRP-like cationic channel activated by muscarinic receptors: Effect of potential on single-channel gating","volume":"123","author":"Zholos","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of General Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.7.2827","article-title":"G protein subunits and the stimulation of phospholipase C by Gs-and Gi-coupled receptors: Lack of receptor selectivity of Galpha(16) and evidence for a synergic interaction between Gbeta gamma and the alpha subunit of a receptor activated G protein","volume":"93","author":"Zhu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"}],"container-title":["The Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1090023315004347?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1090023315004347?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T04:02:11Z","timestamp":1748664131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1090023315004347"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["S1090023315004347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-0233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-0233","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The importance of muscarinic receptors in domestic animal diseases and therapy: Current and future perspectives","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Veterinary Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}