{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:11:16Z","timestamp":1761059476085,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Urologic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,27]],"date-time":"2013-02-27T11:51:50Z","timestamp":1361965910000},"page":"211-218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Strategies for Optimizing Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Jay B.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish M.","family":"Kamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib1","series-title":"BCG vaccination against tuberculosis","first-page":"48","article-title":"Early history of BCG","author":"Guerin","year":"1957"},{"year":"1957","series-title":"BCG vaccination against tuberculosis","author":"Rosenthal","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib2"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41756","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041756","article-title":"Proof-of-concept, randomized, controlled clinical trial of bacillus-Calmette-Guerin for treatment of long-term type 1 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Faustman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1588","article-title":"Use of Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e8rin (BCG) in multiple sclerosis","volume":"53","author":"Ristori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib5","first-page":"247","article-title":"The effect of Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin on the evolution of new enhancing lesions to hypointense T1 lesions in relapsing remitting MS","volume":"250","author":"Paolillo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.12.1837","article-title":"Immunization Panel of the Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines: Immunization and MS: a summary of published evidence and recommendations","volume":"59","author":"Rutschmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016610","article-title":"BCG Vaccine-induced neuroprotection in a mouse model of parkinson's disease","volume":"6","author":"Yong","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib8","first-page":"97","article-title":"Cancer and tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Pearl","year":"1929","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.4.3.329","article-title":"Towards therapeutic vaccines for colorectal carcinoma: a review of clinical trials","volume":"4","author":"Mosolits","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib10","first-page":"19","article-title":"BCG immunotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery in lung cancer: a randomized prospective clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Miyazawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib11","first-page":"144","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib12","first-page":"127","article-title":"Extracutaneous delayed hypersensitivity, particularly in the guinea-pig bladder","volume":"10","author":"Coe","year":"1966","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib13","first-page":"180","article-title":"Intracavitary bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors","volume":"116","author":"Morales","year":"1976","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib14","first-page":"38","article-title":"BCG immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer","volume":"124","author":"Lamm","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib15","first-page":"27","article-title":"Experience with bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma","volume":"128","author":"Brosman","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib16","first-page":"710","article-title":"The response of patients with superficial bladder cancer to a second course of intravesical BCG","volume":"143","author":"Bretton","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib17","first-page":"220","article-title":"Risks and benefits of repeated courses of intravesical BCG for superficial bladder cancer","volume":"137","author":"Catalona","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib18","first-page":"1124","article-title":"Maintenance BCG immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and CIS TCC of the bladder: a randomised Southwest Oncology Group Study","volume":"163","author":"Lamm","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.12.024","volume":"57","author":"Sylvester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.6.1404","article-title":"Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin therapy prevents tumor progression and death from superficial bladder cancer: ten-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial","volume":"13","author":"Herr","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib21","first-page":"261","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder","volume":"135","author":"Schellhammer","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950115)75:2<552::AID-CNCR2820750219>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"BCG treatment of existing papillary cancer and carcinoma in situ of the bladder","volume":"75","author":"Akaza","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)80418-X","article-title":"Intravesical bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"47","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib24","first-page":"881","article-title":"The case for early cystectomy in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive micropapillary bladder carcinoma","volume":"175","author":"Kamat","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22756","article-title":"Micropapillary bladder cancer: a review of the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience with 100 consecutive patients","volume":"110","author":"Kamat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib26","article-title":"Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in small cell urothelial cancer improves pathologic downstaging and long-term outcomes: results from a retrospective study at the MD Anderson Cancer Center","author":"Lynch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib27","unstructured":"American Urologic Association. The Management of Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Available at: http:\/\/www.auanet.org\/content\/clinical-practice-guidelines\/clinical-guidelines\/main-reports\/bladcan07\/chapter1.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2012."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.03.017","article-title":"European Association of Urology (EAU): EAU guidelines on nonmuscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, the 2011 update","volume":"59","author":"Babjuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib29","first-page":"74","article-title":"The value of a second transurethral resection in evaluating patients with bladder tumors","volume":"162","author":"Herr","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01920-9","article-title":"Impact of a second transurethral resection on the staging of T1 bladder cancer","volume":"60","author":"Dalbagni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08210.x","article-title":"Prostatic urothelial carcinoma: is transurethral prostatectomy necessary before bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin immunotherapy?","volume":"103","author":"Gofrit","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib32","first-page":"1634","article-title":"The impact of age on the response of patients with superficial bladder cancer to intravesical immunotherapy","volume":"175","author":"Joudi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2009.07.020","article-title":"Bladder cancer in the elderly","volume":"27","author":"Shariat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib34","first-page":"9","article-title":"HIV-associated bladder cancer: a case series evaluating difficulties in diagnosis and management","volume":"31","author":"Gaughan","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"issue":"137","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137ra72","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003586","article-title":"Pre-existing BCG-specific T cells improve intravesical immunotherapy for bladder cancer","volume":"4","author":"Biot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510330076038","article-title":"Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis","volume":"271","author":"Colditz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"8986","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92348-9","article-title":"Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity","volume":"346","author":"Fine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6082","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6082.293","article-title":"BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life. Final report of the Medical Research Council","volume":"2","author":"Hart","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib39","first-page":"171","article-title":"Long-term results of BCG in the southern United States","volume":"93","author":"Comstock","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib40","first-page":"349","article-title":"Trial of BCG vaccines in south India for tuberculosis prevention","volume":"70","author":"Tuberculosis Prevention Trial","year":"1979","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib41","article-title":"Connaught and Russian showed the highest direct antitumoral effects among different BCG substrains","author":"Secanella-Fandos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gsponer JR, Biot C, Bisiaux A, et\u00a0al. Immunotherapy of bladder cancer using bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG): generation of cytotoxic T-cells is BCG strain dependent. American Association for Cancer Research 2012 Meeting (abstract # 5386).","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2012-5386"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc062714","article-title":"Use of statins and outcome of BCG treatment for bladder cancer","volume":"355","author":"Hoffman","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08123.x","article-title":"Reduced bladder cancer recurrence rate with cardioprotective aspirin after intravesical bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin","volume":"103","author":"Gee","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2009.04.014","article-title":"Intravesical bacille\u00a0Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin therapy for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer: effects of concurrent statin therapy","volume":"209","author":"Skolarus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib46","first-page":"1297","article-title":"An analysis of the effect of statin use on the efficacy of bacillus calmette-guerin treatment for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder","volume":"180","author":"Berglund","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.10.039","article-title":"Final results of an EORTC-GU cancers group randomized study of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin in intermediate- and high-risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder: one-third dose versus full dose and 1 year versus 3 years of maintenance","volume":"63","author":"Oddens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1159\/000052381","article-title":"BCG intravesical installations: recommendations for side-effects management","volume":"37","author":"Rischmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib49","first-page":"1959","article-title":"Interference of modern antibacterials with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin viability","volume":"163","author":"Durek","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib50","first-page":"935","article-title":"The effect of ofloxacin on bacillus Calmette-Guerin induced toxicity in patients with superficial bladder cancer: results of a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter study","volume":"176","author":"Colombel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08469.x","article-title":"Short-term administration of prulifloxacin in patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer: an effective option for the prevention of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-induced toxicity?","volume":"104","author":"Damiano","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.12.031","article-title":"Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials","volume":"49","author":"Sylvester","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib53","first-page":"2195","article-title":"Predicting nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer recurrence and progression in patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin: the CUETO scoring model","volume":"182","author":"Fernandez-Gomez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib54","first-page":"2129","article-title":"Urinary Interleukin-8 and 18 predict the response of superficial bladder cancer to intravesical therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin","volume":"164","author":"Thalmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(03)00048-4","article-title":"Do prognostic parameters of remission versus relapse after bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) immunotherapy exist? Analysis of a quarter century of literature","volume":"43","author":"Saint","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3109\/01913123.2011.620221","article-title":"Prognostic value of Bcl-2 and Bax tumor cell expression in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer receiving bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy","volume":"36","author":"Ajili","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrastruct Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232609","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/232609","article-title":"Predictive biomarkers of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin immunotherapy response in bladder cancer: where are we now?","volume":"2012","author":"Lima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012_bib58","first-page":"862","article-title":"Use of fluorescence in situ hybridization to predict response to\u00a0bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin therapy for bladder cancer: results of a prospective trial","volume":"187","author":"Kamat","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"}],"container-title":["Urologic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S009401431300013X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S009401431300013X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:24:16Z","timestamp":1758806656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S009401431300013X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S009401431300013X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-0143"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0094-0143"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Strategies for Optimizing Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Urologic Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.01.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}