{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:02:18Z","timestamp":1789876938522,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Urologic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,19]],"date-time":"2013-09-19T21:28:17Z","timestamp":1379626097000},"page":"67-81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Infectious, Inflammatory, and Immunologic Conditions Resulting in Male Infertility"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Bassel G.","family":"Bachir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Jarvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.04.048","article-title":"European Association of Urology guidelines on male infertility: the 2012 update","volume":"62","author":"Jungwirth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2007.00819.x","article-title":"Chronic epididymitis: impact on semen parameters and therapeutic options","volume":"40","author":"Haidl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib3","first-page":"89","article-title":"Impact of inflammation on male fertility","volume":"3","author":"Sarkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2008.00837.x","article-title":"Chronic orchitis: a neglected cause of male infertility?","volume":"40","author":"Schuppe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib5","first-page":"453","article-title":"Inflammatory conditions of the male excurrent ductal system. Part I","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2000.00151.x","article-title":"Immunopathology of in situ seminoma","volume":"81","author":"Bols","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib7","first-page":"69","article-title":"Chronic inflammation: a common and important factor in the pathogenesis of neoplasia","volume":"56","author":"Schottenfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00736.x","article-title":"The role of cytokine expression in different subgroups of subfertile men","volume":"62","author":"Seshadri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.02.004","article-title":"Interleukin 8 and the male genital tract","author":"Lotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00786.x","article-title":"Expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-10, HSP-60, anti-HSP-60 antibodies, and anti-sperm antibodies, in semen of men with leukocytes and\/or bacteria","volume":"63","author":"Martinez-Prado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib11","first-page":"176","article-title":"A\u00a0stereological analysis of the response of spermatogenesis to an acute inflammatory episode in adult rats","volume":"28","author":"Liew","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.7.2593-2604.2004","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of suppression of testicular steroidogenesis by proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha","volume":"24","author":"Hong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)91009-H","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha enhances inhibitory effects of interleukin-1 beta on Leydig cell steroidogenesis","volume":"166","author":"Calkins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-10-109","article-title":"Role of reactive nitrogen species in male infertility","volume":"10","author":"Doshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib15","first-page":"325","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators exert toxic effects of oxidative stress on human spermatozoa","volume":"28","author":"Fraczek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.1999.00173.x","article-title":"Relative contribution of leukocytes and of spermatozoa to reactive oxygen species production in human sperm suspensions","volume":"22","author":"Whittington","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib17","first-page":"448","article-title":"Male genital tract inflammation: the role of selected interleukins in regulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymatic substances in seminal plasma","volume":"24","author":"Sanocka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib18","first-page":"625","article-title":"Immunophysiology and pathology of inflammation in the testis and epididymis","volume":"32","author":"Hedger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.5.421","article-title":"Relevance of male accessory gland infection for subsequent fertility with special focus on prostatitis","volume":"5","author":"Weidner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.3.236","article-title":"NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis","volume":"282","author":"Krieger","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.11.007","article-title":"Comparison of economic impact of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Clemens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.05.007","article-title":"Prevalence, diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of prostatitis, interstitial cystitis, and epididymitis in outpatient urological practice: the Canadian PIE Study","volume":"66","author":"Nickel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib23","first-page":"1736","article-title":"Evaluation of prostatitis in autopsied prostates\u2013is chronic inflammation more associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia or cancer?","volume":"179","author":"Delongchamps","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(03)00003-5","article-title":"Prostatitis revisited: new definitions, new approaches","volume":"17","author":"Krieger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib25","first-page":"818","article-title":"Leukocytes and bacteria in men with chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome compared to asymptomatic controls","volume":"170","author":"Nickel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib26","first-page":"564","article-title":"Post-prostatic massage examination for prediction of asymptomatic prostatitis in needle biopsies: a prospective study","volume":"182","author":"Tekin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2005.00676.x","article-title":"Role of granulocyte elastase and interleukin-6 in the diagnosis of male genital tract inflammation","volume":"37","author":"Kopa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.07.016","article-title":"Seminal plasma cytokines and chemokines in prostate inflammation: interleukin 8 as a predictive biomarker in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"51","author":"Penna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0726-8","article-title":"Influence of urogenital infections and inflammation on semen quality and male fertility","volume":"30","author":"Rusz","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3109\/00365597109133590","article-title":"Creatine phosphokinase relative to acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, zinc and fructose in human semen with special reference to chronic prostatitis","volume":"5","author":"Bostr\u00f6m","year":"1971","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019108987640","article-title":"Semen parameters in men with and without proven chronic prostatitis","volume":"26","author":"Weidner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(91)80175-7","article-title":"Sperm quality in men with chronic abacterial prostatovesiculitis verified by rectal ultrasonography","volume":"38","author":"Christiansen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56765-X","article-title":"Reduced semen quality caused by chronic abacterial prostatitis: an enigma or reality?","volume":"61","author":"Leib","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib34","first-page":"310","article-title":"Seminal fluid findings in men with nonbacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia","volume":"17","author":"Krieger","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)00613-5","article-title":"Seminal oxidative stress in patients with chronic prostatitis","volume":"55","author":"Pasqualotto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2003.tb00859.x","article-title":"Morphological sperm alternations in different types of prostatitis","volume":"35","author":"Menkveld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(03)00370-1","article-title":"Impact of prostatitis NIH IIIB (prostatodynia) on ejaculate parameters","volume":"44","author":"Engeler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0272.2003.00553.x","article-title":"Significance of inflammation on standard semen analysis in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Ludwig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-005-0038-y","article-title":"Chronic pelvic pain syndrome\/chronic prostatitis affect the acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa","volume":"24","author":"Henkel","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2003.tb00866.x","article-title":"Inflammatory-associated obstructions of the male reproductive tract","volume":"35","author":"Dohle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib41","first-page":"277","article-title":"Initial therapy of acute unilateral epididymitis using ofloxacin. II. Andrological findings","volume":"29","author":"Weidner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Urologe A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib42","first-page":"160","article-title":"The change in the degree of fertility during the course of acute nonspecific epididymitis. (Contribution to the pathogenesis of primary inhibition of spermiogenesis)","volume":"211","author":"Dietz","year":"1960","journal-title":"Arch Med Infant"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000473620","article-title":"Testicular function after unilateral bacterial epididymo-orchitis","volume":"19","author":"Osegbe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib44","first-page":"397","article-title":"Epididymitis and fertility. Treatment results in acute unspecific epididymitis","volume":"95","author":"Ludwig","year":"1977","journal-title":"Fortschr Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib45","first-page":"2769","article-title":"Semen analysis in unilateral epididymitis","volume":"68","author":"Tozzo","year":"1968","journal-title":"N\u00a0Y State J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2007.00825.x","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections: impact on male fertility","volume":"40","author":"Ochsendorf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81502-6","article-title":"Do men become infertile after having sexually transmitted urethritis? An epidemiologic examination","volume":"68","author":"Ness","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.01.124","article-title":"The incidence and effect of bacteriospermia and elevated seminal leukocytes on semen parameters","volume":"97","author":"Domes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib49","first-page":"900","article-title":"Cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana are related to pyospermia in infertile men","volume":"144","author":"Close","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137162","article-title":"Functional significance of white blood cells in the male and female reproductive tract","volume":"5","author":"Barratt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib51","series-title":"Advances in fertility and reproductive medicine: proceedings of the 18th World Congress on Fertility and Sterility held in Montr\u00e9al, Canada, between 23 and 28 May 2004","author":"Daya","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57588-8","article-title":"The biologic significance of white blood cells in semen","volume":"63","author":"Wolff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58643-9","article-title":"Is leukocytospermia clinically relevant?","volume":"66","author":"Yanushpolsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib54","first-page":"685","article-title":"Sperm penetration assay and subsequent pregnancy: a prospective study of 74 infertile men","volume":"71","author":"Shy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)46166-2","article-title":"The relationship of pyospermia and seminal fluid bacteriology to sperm function as reflected in the sperm penetration assay","volume":"37","author":"Berger","year":"1982","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2003.tb00856.x","article-title":"The limit of leucocytospermia from the microbiological viewpoint","volume":"35","author":"Punab","year":"2003","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib57","first-page":"126","article-title":"Improvement in the sperm penetration (hamster ova) assay (SPA) results after doxycycline treatment of infertile men","volume":"4","author":"Berger","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.01.032","article-title":"Correlation of leukocytospermia with clinical infection and the positive effect of antiinflammatory treatment on semen quality","volume":"86","author":"Lackner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2008.00356.x","article-title":"Sperm quality improvement after natural anti-oxidant treatment of asthenoteratospermic men with leukocytospermia","volume":"10","author":"Piomboni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.12.025","article-title":"Bacteria trigger oxygen radical release and sperm lipid peroxidation in in\u00a0vitro model of semen inflammation","volume":"88","author":"Fraczek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.2000.00224.x","article-title":"Escherichia coli-induced alterations of human spermatozoa. An electron microscopy analysis","volume":"23","author":"Diemer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33471","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033471","article-title":"Effects of hepatitis B virus S protein exposure on sperm membrane integrity and functions","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.4.1041","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro impairment of human and ram sperm nuclear chromatin integrity by sexually transmitted Ureaplasma urealyticum infection","volume":"63","author":"Reichart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.07.007","article-title":"Testicular infection: microorganisms, clinical implications and host-pathogen interaction","volume":"83","author":"Bhushan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181b617dc","article-title":"Trends in age disparities between younger and middle-age adults among reported rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and infectious syphilis infections in Canada: findings from 1997 to 2007","volume":"37","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.067835","article-title":"Male genital tract chlamydial infection: implications for pathology and infertility","volume":"79","author":"Cunningham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.03.009","article-title":"Genital tract infections and infertility","volume":"140","author":"Pellati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.11.024","article-title":"The utility and cost of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae screening of a male infertility population","volume":"97","author":"Domes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01200.x","article-title":"Male accessory gland infection and sperm parameters (review)","volume":"34","author":"La Vignera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib70","first-page":"143","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and male infertility: chlamydia-IgA antibodies in seminal plasma are C. trachomatis specific and associated with an inflammatory response","volume":"12","author":"Ochsendorf","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05187-0","article-title":"Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection of semen specimens by ligase chain reaction","volume":"52","author":"Pannekoek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00761-1","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in subfertile couples","volume":"80","author":"Eggert-Kruse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45641-0","article-title":"Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in asymptomatic male partners of infertile couples","volume":"53","author":"Hamdad-Daoudi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib74","first-page":"104","article-title":"Semen quality of men with asymptomatic chlamydial infection","volume":"25","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2006.02.014","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis in subfertile couples undergoing an in\u00a0vitro fertilization program: a prospective study","volume":"129","author":"de Barbeyrac","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.08.109","article-title":"Prevalence of sexually transmissible pathogens in semen from asymptomatic male infertility patients with and without leukocytospermia","volume":"87","author":"Bezold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0272.2002.00472.x","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male partners of infertile couples: incidence and sperm function","volume":"34","author":"Vigil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib78","first-page":"198","article-title":"Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma genitalium in semen and first void urine specimens of asymptomatic male partners of infertile couples","volume":"29","author":"Gdoura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.4.671","article-title":"Infections due to species of mycoplasma and ureaplasma: an update","volume":"23","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1528-1533.2004","article-title":"Comparison of multiplex PCR assay with culture for detection of genital mycoplasmas","volume":"42","author":"Stellrecht","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.02.044","article-title":"Concordance of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in infertile couples: impact on semen parameters","volume":"81","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56529-7","article-title":"Sperm motility, morphology, hyperactivation, and ionophore-induced acrosome reactions after overnight incubation with mycoplasmas","volume":"61","author":"Rose","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-129","article-title":"Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium infections and semen quality of infertile men","volume":"7","author":"Gdoura","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib84","first-page":"1323","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections and seminal quality in infertile and fertile men in Kuwait","volume":"33","author":"Al-Sweih","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462021924776","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium \u2013 an update","volume":"13","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2005.09.004","article-title":"Systematic screening tests for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in urogenital specimens of infertile couples","volume":"54","author":"Rosemond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pathol Biol (Paris)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-8-697","article-title":"Cytokine concentrations in seminal plasma from subfertile men are not indicative of the presence of Ureaplasma urealyticum or Mycoplasma hominis in the lower genital tract","volume":"49","author":"Pannekoek","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)00709-3","article-title":"Are seminal fluid microorganisms of significance or merely contaminants?","volume":"74","author":"Cottell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/4.6.891","article-title":"Seminal tract infections: impact on male fertility and treatment options","volume":"4","author":"Keck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1994.tb00751.x","article-title":"Bacteroides ureolyticus in men consulting for infertility","volume":"26","author":"Balmelli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(89)90475-X","article-title":"Culture of seminal fluid in infertile men and relationship to semen evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Gregoriou","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49105-3","article-title":"Recovery of microorganisms in semen and relationship to semen evaluation","volume":"45","author":"Naessens","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58520-3","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of bacteria in semen","volume":"66","author":"Jarvi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00340-6","article-title":"Relationship between semen cultures, leukospermia, and semen analysis in men undergoing fertility evaluation","volume":"79","author":"Rodin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/19396360902787944","article-title":"Cause-specific treatment in patients with high sperm DNA damage resulted in significant DNA improvement","volume":"55","author":"Moskovtsev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.05902.x","article-title":"Mumps orchitis in the non-immune postpubertal male: a resurgent threat to male fertility?","volume":"97","author":"Philip","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"6121","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6121.1177","article-title":"Pituitary-testicular interrelationships in mumps orchitis and other viral infections","volume":"1","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br Med\u00a0J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.03.004","article-title":"Sperm viral infection and male infertility: focus on HBV, HCV, HIV, HPV, HSV, HCMV, and AAV","author":"Garolla","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i4.736","article-title":"Effects of hepatitis B virus infection on human sperm chromosomes","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib100","first-page":"260","article-title":"Screening of hepatitis B and C and human immunodeficiency virus in infertile couples in Saudi Arabia","volume":"32","author":"Mansoor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.01.137","article-title":"Hepatitis B infection and outcomes of in\u00a0vitro fertilization and embryo transfer treatment","volume":"93","author":"Lam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.00970.x","article-title":"Impact of chronic viral diseases on semen parameters","volume":"42","author":"Lorusso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib103","first-page":"65","article-title":"Sperm output in patients with primary infertility and hepatitis B or C virus; negative influence of HBV infection during concomitant varicocele","volume":"97","author":"Vicari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2010.164","article-title":"Comparison of semen quality and outcome of assisted reproductive techniques in Chinese men with and without hepatitis B","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2008.00855.x","article-title":"Sperm ultrastructure and meiotic segregation in a group of patients with chronic hepatitis B and C","volume":"40","author":"Moretti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2011.08.011","article-title":"Sperm DNA damage in patients with chronic viral C hepatitis","volume":"23","author":"La Vignera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.05.014","article-title":"Semen and hormonal parameters in men with chronic hepatitis C infection","volume":"95","author":"Hofny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08720.x","article-title":"Evaluation of semen variables, sperm chromosomal abnormalities and reproductive endocrine profile in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"105","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh426","article-title":"The effect of human immunodeficiency virus on sperm parameters and the outcome of intrauterine insemination following sperm washing","volume":"19","author":"Nicopoullos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019251","article-title":"Semen analysis in HIV seropositive men and in subjects at high risk for HIV infection","volume":"11","author":"Dondero","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-011-1898-6","article-title":"HIV-infection and modern antiretroviral therapy impair sperm quality","volume":"284","author":"Kehl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.12.080","article-title":"Decrease of mitochondrial DNA level in sperm from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 linked to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"94","author":"Pavili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.06.102","article-title":"Semen quality remains stable during 96 weeks of untreated human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection","volume":"90","author":"van Leeuwen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/aan.50.2.121.129","article-title":"Use of atomic force microscopy to reveal sperm ultrastructure in HIV-patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"50","author":"Barboza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.08.001","article-title":"Are antisperm antibodies really associated with proven chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases of the male reproductive tract?","volume":"56","author":"Marconi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-007-0075-2","article-title":"Antisperm antibodies and conception","volume":"29","author":"Chamley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"}],"container-title":["Urologic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094014313000852?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094014313000852?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:26:46Z","timestamp":1758806806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0094014313000852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0094014313000852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-0143"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-0143","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Infectious, Inflammatory, and Immunologic Conditions Resulting in Male Infertility","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Urologic Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}