{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:49:01Z","timestamp":1785552541984,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E2025209186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2025209186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005064","name":"Hebei Province Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25363801D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25363801D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009964","name":"Tangshan Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25150205E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25150205E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009964","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasonics Sonochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T15:28:33Z","timestamp":1774970913000},"page":"107839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Kinetics and mechanism of ultrasound-enhanced citric acid leaching of chromium from steel slag"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Zhiheng","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fusheng","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2023.118449","article-title":"Comprehensive utilization of steel slag: a review","volume":"422","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.04.045","article-title":"Steel slag in China: treatment, recycling, and management","volume":"78","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126478","article-title":"Production, characterisation, utilisation, and beneficial soil application of steel slag: a review","volume":"419","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6746","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63783-1","article-title":"Steel slag amendment impacts on soil microbial communities and activities of rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"10","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145762","article-title":"A review of the formation of Cr(VI) via Cr(III) oxidation in soils and groundwater","volume":"774","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128805","article-title":"Natural source of Cr(VI) in soil: the anoxic oxidation of Cr(III) by Mn oxides","volume":"433","author":"Ao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/htmp-2022-0252","article-title":"Transfer and transformation mechanism of chromium in stainless steel slag in pedosphere","volume":"42","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"High Temp. Mater. Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116918","article-title":"Remediation materials for the immobilization of hexavalent chromium in contaminated soil: preparation, applications, and mechanisms","volume":"237","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126876","article-title":"Regulations for chromium emissions to the aquatic environment in Europe and elsewhere","volume":"254","author":"Vaiopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123415","article-title":"A regulatory strategy for the emission control of hexavalent chromium from waste-to-energy plants","volume":"278","author":"Rada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3390\/min10080705","article-title":"Steel slag characterisation\u2014benefit of coupling chemical, mineralogical and magnetic techniques","volume":"10","author":"Herbelin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3390\/min10100906","article-title":"Up-concentration of chromium in stainless steel slag and ferrochromium slags by magnetic and gravity separation","volume":"10","author":"Kukurugya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.002","article-title":"Environmental and technical assessment of ferrochrome slag as concrete aggregate material","volume":"49","author":"Panda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2016.05.027","article-title":"The effect of microstructure on the leaching behaviour of electric arc furnace (EAF) carbon steel slag","volume":"102","author":"Mombelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-101","article-title":"Effect of cooling method on the mineralogy and stability of steel slag","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2021-497","article-title":"Dissolution kinetics of synthetic FeCr2O4 in CaO\u2013MgO\u2013Al2O3\u2013SiO2 slag","volume":"62","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2022-193","article-title":"Influence of slag chemistry on the dissolution of FeCr2O4 in CaO\u2013SiO2\u2013Al2O3\u2013MgO slag with graphite crucible","volume":"63","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1515\/htmp-2012-0133","article-title":"Rate and mechanism of reduction-dissolution of chromite in liquid slags","volume":"32","author":"Demir","year":"2013","journal-title":"High Temp. Mater. Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2016.06.024","article-title":"Control of silica polymerisation during ferromanganese slag sulphuric acid digestion and water leaching","volume":"166","author":"Kazadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrometall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2019.01.005","article-title":"Selective rare earth element extraction using high-pressure acid leaching of slags arising from the smelting of bauxite residue","volume":"184","author":"Rivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrometall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15462","DOI":"10.3390\/su152115462","article-title":"Control of silica gel formation in the acidic leaching of calcium aluminate slags with aqueous HCl for Al extraction","volume":"15","author":"Tsaousi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123589","article-title":"A novel reductive alkali roasting of chromite ores for carcinogen-free Cr6+-ion extraction of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) \u2013 a clean route to chromium product manufacturing!","volume":"403","author":"Escudero-Castej\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2006.03.014","article-title":"Green metallurgical processing of chromite","volume":"82","author":"Zheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hydrometall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2018.0830","article-title":"Kinetics of steel slag dissolution: from experiments to modelling","volume":"475","author":"Ragipani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.08.008","article-title":"Understanding dissolution characteristics of steel slag for resource recovery","volume":"117","author":"Ragipani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s40831-020-00306-2","article-title":"Hydrometallurgical processes for the recovery of metals from steel industry by-products: a critical review","volume":"6","author":"Binnemans","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain Metall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2015.10.001","article-title":"Comparison of effectiveness of citric acid and other acids in leaching of low-grade Indonesian saprolitic ores","volume":"85","author":"Astuti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2015.12.015","article-title":"Comparison of atmospheric citric acid leaching kinetics of nickel from different Indonesian saprolitic ores","volume":"161","author":"Astuti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrometall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2019.105160","article-title":"Selective recovery of valuable metals from industrial waste lithium-ion batteries using citric acid under reductive conditions: Leaching optimization and kinetic analysis","volume":"191","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrometall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2009.05.077","article-title":"Synthesis, spectroscopic, structural and magnetic studies of new binary Cr(III)\u2013citrate pH-specific structural variants from aqueous media","volume":"28","author":"Gabriel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/15533170600777960","article-title":"Accurate potentiometric studies of chromium\u2010citrate and ferric\u2010citrate complexes in aqueous solutions at physiological and alkaline pH values","volume":"36","author":"Hamada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Synth. React. Inorg., Met.-Org., Nano-Met. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.124143","article-title":"Complete and selective recovery of lithium from EV lithium-ion batteries: modeling and optimization using oxalic acid as a leaching agent","volume":"320","author":"Rouquette","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2025.107489","article-title":"Recovery of zinc from blast furnace dust via ultrasonic-enhanced crotonic acid leaching: leaching kinetics and mechanism","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134775","article-title":"Mechanism and kinetics analysis of valuable metals leaching from copper-cadmium slag assisted by ultrasound cavitation","volume":"379","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-024-01743-1","article-title":"Metal recovery from industrial solid waste by ultrasonic-assisted hydrometallurgical leaching: a review","volume":"22","author":"Ran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106525","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the ultrasound-enhanced leaching recovery of valuable metals: applications, mechanisms and prospects","volume":"98","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2023.2193672","article-title":"Leaching kinetics of impurity removal from aphanitic graphite by HCl leaching","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.136743","article-title":"Leaching kinetics and dissolution model of steel slag in NaOH solution","volume":"434","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.116624","article-title":"A high-efficiency and sustainable leaching process of vanadium from shale in sulfuric acid systems enhanced by ultrasound","volume":"240","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2024.108731","article-title":"Leaching kinetics of ash impurities from aphanitic graphite by combining dual-ultrasound and hydrochloric acid\u2013potassium hydrogen fluoride","volume":"213","author":"Bu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3390\/min9100646","article-title":"Multi-analytical characterization of slags to determine the chromium concentration for a possible re-extraction","volume":"9","author":"Horckmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14061513","article-title":"New EAF slag characterization methodology for strategic metal recovery","volume":"14","author":"Menad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2019.03.027","article-title":"Evaluating organic acids as alternative leaching reagents for metal recovery from lithium ion batteries","volume":"137","author":"Musariri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.3390\/met13111801","article-title":"Leaching of rare earth elements from permanent magnet swarf in citric acid: effects of acid concentration on extraction kinetics","volume":"13","author":"Romano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40831-022-00636-3","article-title":"The twelve principles of circular hydrometallurgy","volume":"9","author":"Binnemans","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Metall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0230","article-title":"A cleaner-sustainable process for recovering valuable elements from steel slag with acetic acid: Leaching studies and multi-value-added products","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9813","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b01141","article-title":"Effect of particle size refinement on the leaching behavior of mixed rare-earth concentrate using hydrochloric acid","volume":"4","author":"Ruan","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5383","DOI":"10.1021\/es100690b","article-title":"Physico-chemical characterization of steel slag. study of its behavior under simulated environmental conditions","volume":"44","author":"Navarro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-019-01597-x","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted leaching and kinetic study of blended copper slag","volume":"50","author":"Turan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1515\/revce-2019-0073","article-title":"Kinetics of leaching: a review","volume":"38","author":"Faraji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2010.01.006","article-title":"Leaching of vanadium from LD converter slag using sulfuric acid","volume":"102","author":"Aarabi-Karasgani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrometall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18918-2","article-title":"A green method to leach vanadium and chromium from residue using NaOH-H2O2","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19633","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c02194","article-title":"Leaching of valuable elements from the waste chromite ore processing residue: a kinetic analysis","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-023-06062-4","article-title":"Analysis of the release characteristics of blast furnace lead smelting slag by integrating mineralogy and dynamic\/static leaching","volume":"76","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3390\/min8100445","article-title":"Stability of chromium in stainless steel slag during cooling","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.10.020","article-title":"Mineralogical determination and geo-chemical modeling of chromium release from AOD slag: distribution and leachability aspects","volume":"167","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.02.060","article-title":"Environmental impacts of steel slag reused in road construction: a crystallographic and molecular (XANES) approach","volume":"139","author":"Chaurand","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9861","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1260-7","article-title":"Hydration of dicalcium silicate and diffusion through neo-formed calcium-silicate-hydrates at weathered surfaces control the long-term leaching behaviour of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking slag","volume":"25","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2024.07.022","article-title":"Organic acid-mediated leaching kinetics study and selective extraction of Mo, V, and Ni from spent catalysts","volume":"187","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2024.08.004","article-title":"Enhanced reducing capacity of citric acid for lithium-ion battery recycling under microwave-assisted leaching","volume":"189","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106447","article-title":"Ultrasound effects on restricted silica gelation during silica extraction from Pyro-Metallurgical copper slag under acidifying conditions","volume":"97","author":"Phuoc Tri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.10.006","article-title":"The leaching kinetics of K-feldspar in sulfuric acid with the aid of ultrasound","volume":"35","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.minpro.2009.06.003","article-title":"A shrinking particle\u2014shrinking core model for leaching of a zinc ore containing silica","volume":"93","author":"Safari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2007.08.005","article-title":"Kinetics of sulphuric acid leaching of a zinc silicate calcine","volume":"89","author":"Souza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrometall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2021.105792","article-title":"Mechanisms of ultrasonic de-agglomeration of oxides through in-situ high-speed observations and acoustic measurements","volume":"79","author":"Priyadarshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-016-9427-7","article-title":"Kinetics analysis and effects of various factors on removing iron from silica sand under ultrasound-assistance","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"SILICON"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-024-02360-8","article-title":"Acid attack on hydrated cement: effect of organic acids on the degradation process","volume":"57","author":"Hilbig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2018.07.015","article-title":"Experiment and kinetic modeling for leaching of blast furnace slag using ligand","volume":"27","author":"Seo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2025.107501","article-title":"Ultrasonically-enhanced leaching: correlating acoustic spectra and solid particle properties in NMC cathode extraction","volume":"120","author":"Canciani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2025.107467","article-title":"Ultrasonic-assisted hydrogen peroxide leaching of cadmium-containing flue dust under room temperature and neutral conditions: Efficient recovery and mechanism","volume":"120","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10467","DOI":"10.1021\/la904685x","article-title":"Silica precipitation in acidic solutions: mechanism, pH effect, and salt effect","volume":"26","author":"Gorrepati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2025.107237","article-title":"Ultrafast recovery of Zn from waste galvanized iron sheet by ultrasound-assisted acid pickling and ion flotation techniques","volume":"114","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2024.106925","article-title":"Ultrasonic reactor set-ups and applications: a review","volume":"107","author":"Adamou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.09.058","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and stability of Cr(III) and Fe(III) hydroxides","volume":"264","author":"Papassiopi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106540","article-title":"Ultrasonics and sonochemistry: Editors\u2019 perspective","volume":"99","author":"Manickam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106415","article-title":"Effect of ultrasound power on HCl leaching kinetics of impurity removal of aphanitic graphite","volume":"95","author":"Bu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0385","first-page":"196","article-title":"Mechanism and properties of novel ionic liquid for zinc leaching: Experimental and molecular dynamics simulations, Green and Smart","volume":"2","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Min. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2022.105965","article-title":"The effect of preparation time and aeration rate on the properties of bulk micro-nanobubble water using hydrodynamic cavitation","volume":"84","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2021.105682","article-title":"Effect of the ultrasonic standing wave frequency on the attractive mineralization for fine coal particle flotation","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."}],"container-title":["Ultrasonics Sonochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1350417726001045?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1350417726001045?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:22Z","timestamp":1781136022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1350417726001045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["S1350417726001045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-4177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-4177","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Kinetics and mechanism of ultrasound-enhanced citric acid leaching of chromium from steel slag","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2026.107839","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107839"}}