{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:33:35Z","timestamp":1792042415522,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]],"date-time":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1070236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,31]],"date-time":"2003-12-31T12:17:39Z","timestamp":1072873059000},"page":"3-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":390,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Epidemiology of prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"E.David","family":"Crawford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB1","unstructured":"American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts & Figures 2003. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.2822.x","article-title":"Patterns and trends in prostate cancer incidence, survival, prevalence, and mortality. Part I","volume":"90","author":"Quinn","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12713-4","article-title":"Prostate cancer epidemiology","volume":"361","author":"Gronberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-002-0250-y","article-title":"The ageing male","volume":"20","author":"Lunenfeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB5","unstructured":"Trends in aging\u2014United States and worldwide. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52: 101\u2013104, 106, 2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.47.5.273","article-title":"Epidemiology of prostate cancer","volume":"47","author":"Haas","year":"1997","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)40078-4","article-title":"Clinical evidence for and implications of the multistep development of prostate cancer","volume":"143","author":"Carter","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB8","series-title":"Clinical Oncology","first-page":"1823","article-title":"Prostate cancer","author":"Scher","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.17.1985","article-title":"Cancer survival among US whites and minorities","volume":"162","author":"Clegg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB10","first-page":"536","article-title":"Black-white differences in tumor grade (aggressiveness) at diagnosis of prostate cancer, 1992-1998","volume":"12","author":"Polednak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64662-9","article-title":"Prostate cancer stage shift has eliminated the gap in disease-free survival in black and white American men after radical prostatectomy","volume":"168","author":"Bianco","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990170409","article-title":"Family history and the risk of prostate cancer","volume":"17","author":"Steinberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.8.3367","article-title":"Mendelian inheritance of familial prostate cancer","volume":"89","author":"Carter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64541-7","article-title":"Hereditary prostate cancer","volume":"168","author":"Bratt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1210\/en.143.6.2029","article-title":"Perspective","volume":"143","author":"Simard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5291.1371","article-title":"Major susceptibility locus for prostate cancer on chromosome 1 suggested by genome-wide search","volume":"274","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB17","first-page":"4707","article-title":"Early age at diagnosis in families providing evidence of linkage to the hereditary prostate cancer locus (HPC1) on chromosome 1","volume":"57","author":"Gronberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1086\/302807","article-title":"Combined analysis of hereditary prostate cancer linkage to 1q24-25","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/ng823","article-title":"Germline mutations in the ribonuclease L gene in families showing linkage with HPC1","volume":"30","author":"Carpten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11282-5","article-title":"Association of mis-sense substitution in SRD5A2 gene with prostate cancer in African American and Hispanic men in Los Angeles, USA","volume":"354","author":"Makridakis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1991.210","article-title":"Cancers of the prostate and breast among Japanese and white immigrants in Los Angeles County","volume":"63","author":"Shimizu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.9.652","article-title":"Prostate cancer in relation to diet, physical activity, and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in the United States and Canada","volume":"87","author":"Whittemore","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62086-X","article-title":"Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the prostate in Asian immigrants to the United States and their descendants","volume":"161","author":"Cook","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/85.19.1571","article-title":"A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer","volume":"85","author":"Giovannucci","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19971127)73:5<634::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Dietary fat intake and risk of prostate cancer","volume":"73","author":"Veierod","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirai T, Asamoto M, Takahashi S, et al: Diet and prostate cancer. Toxicology 181\u2013182: 89\u201394, 2002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00260-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5350.563","article-title":"Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk","volume":"279","author":"Chan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.23.1910","article-title":"Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and prostate cancer risk","volume":"92","author":"Stattin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.11.4258","article-title":"Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-3, and prostate-specific antigen as predictors of clinical prostate cancer","volume":"85","author":"Harman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a000795","article-title":"Hormones and prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Hsing","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021423","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S","volume":"348","author":"Calle","year":"2003","journal-title":"adults. N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10810","article-title":"Early growth, adult body size and prostate cancer risk","volume":"103","author":"Giles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01382-7","article-title":"Bone mass and the risk of prostate cancer","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.4.549","article-title":"Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk in the Physicians' Health Study","volume":"74","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64461-8","article-title":"Vasectomy and prostate cancer characteristics of patients referred for prostate biopsy","volume":"168","author":"Chacko","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.10120","article-title":"Does amount or type of alcohol influence the risk of prostate cancer?","volume":"52","author":"Albertsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(02)00020-4","article-title":"Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk","volume":"29","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.5.391","article-title":"A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk","volume":"94","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00630.x","article-title":"Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation","volume":"81","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10866","article-title":"Serum selenium and risk of prostate cancer in U.S","volume":"103","author":"Vogt","year":"2003","journal-title":"blacks and whites. Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10685","article-title":"Reduced risk of prostate cancer among patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"102","author":"Weiderpass","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1081\/CNV-120001141","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and the risk of prostate cancer","volume":"20","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ, et al: American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2003. CA Cancer J Clin 53: 27\u201343, 2003","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.53.1.27"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00993-6","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen best practice policy. Part I","volume":"57","author":"Carroll","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64276-0","article-title":"Screening for prostate cancer in high risk populations","volume":"168","author":"Catalona","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(01)00717-3","article-title":"Screening for prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen biases","volume":"315","author":"Bunting","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.50.1.7","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2000","volume":"50","author":"Greenlee","year":"2000","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1053\/suro.2002.30390","article-title":"Prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Sarma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Urol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11212","article-title":"Trends in prostate cancer mortality among black men and white men in the United States","volume":"97","author":"Chu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB50","first-page":"31","article-title":"Trends in prostate cancer incidence and mortality","volume":"168","author":"Coldman","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980915)83:6<1180::AID-CNCR18>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Cause of death in men diagnosed with prostate carcinoma","volume":"83","author":"Satariano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01960-X","article-title":"Improved prostate cancer-specific survival and other disease parameters","volume":"60","author":"Paquette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2002.125315","article-title":"Epidemiology of radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer in the era of prostate-specific antigen","volume":"132","author":"Moul","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66929-7","article-title":"Prostate cancer in men age 50 years or younger","volume":"164","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB55","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute: Prostate cancer: histologic grade and stage. Available at: http:\/\/www.seer.cancer.gov\/publications\/prostate\/grade.html. Accessed April 23, 2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.11.975","article-title":"Competing risk analysis of men aged 55 to 74 years at diagnosis managed conservatively for clinically localized prostate cancer","volume":"280","author":"Albertsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0090429503011609?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0090429503011609?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T20:25:34Z","timestamp":1550262334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0090429503011609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0090429503011609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-4295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-4295","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}}}