{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T00:39:34Z","timestamp":1794271174350,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","goldjournal.net","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T06:08:52Z","timestamp":1756706932000},"page":"248-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Paratesticular Tumors: A Systematic Review and Proposed Risk-Based Management Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"207","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Jhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirulus","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ala\u2019a","family":"Farkouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Eshaghian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhannad","family":"Alsyouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.09.005","article-title":"Paratesticular sarcoma: typical presentation, imaging features, and clinical challenges","volume":"100","author":"Ap Dafydd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e246888","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-246888","article-title":"Imaging in paratesticular lesions","volume":"15","author":"Sankhe","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.02992.x","article-title":"Adult paratesticular tumours","volume":"90","author":"Khoubehi","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib5","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Methodological quality of case series studies: an introduction to the JBI critical appraisal tool","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib6","article-title":"Case report: paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.328","article-title":"Clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of adult patients with paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma (PRMS): a 10-year single-centre experience","volume":"6","author":"Keskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can Urol Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2014.19.279.4784","article-title":"Para testicular rhabdomyosarcoma in adults: three case reports and review of literature","volume":"19","author":"Boudahna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib9","article-title":"Paratesticular pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma: a report of two cases","volume":"2013","author":"Boulma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1089\/jayao.2011.0016","article-title":"Two cases of adolescents with paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma inadequately treated: the problem of referral","volume":"1","author":"Ferrari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)54628-5","article-title":"Rhabdomyosarcoma of the paratesticular tissues","volume":"126","author":"Fortune","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib12","first-page":"702","article-title":"Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. Case reports","volume":"69","author":"Knight","year":"1986","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62246-8","article-title":"Is retroperitoneal lymph node dissection necessary for adult paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma?","volume":"160","author":"Hermans","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib14","first-page":"817","article-title":"Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma","volume":"33","author":"Kage","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1159\/000218536","article-title":"Paratesticular sarcomas in Brazil","volume":"82","author":"Korkes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930560208","article-title":"Adult paratesticular sarcomas: a report of eight cases","volume":"56","author":"Rao","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib17","first-page":"45","article-title":"Adult genitourinary sarcomas: a report of seventeen cases and review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Berkmen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2013.017","article-title":"Paratesticular sarcomas: our case series","volume":"39","author":"Kucuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37787-X","article-title":"Adult paratesticular sarcomas: a review of 21 cases","volume":"146","author":"Catton","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.annonc.a058396","article-title":"Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma in adult patients: 16-year experience at Institut Gustave-Roussy","volume":"4","author":"Kattan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_397_23","article-title":"Primary paratesticular embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma\u2014An unusual presentation","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3109\/02841868709104366","article-title":"Paratesticular leiomyosarcoma. Report of two new cases and literature review","volume":"26","author":"Staples","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E121","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.11008","article-title":"Leiomyosarcoma of the epididymis: 2 cases and review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Yuen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can Urol Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.2629","article-title":"Paratesticular sarcomas: a report of seven cases","volume":"9","author":"Unlu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735419900554","article-title":"Paratesticular mesenchymal malignancies: a single-center case series, clinical management, and review of literature","volume":"19","author":"Gatto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01836346","article-title":"Leiomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord: report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Stein","year":"1996","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200109000-00004","article-title":"Leiomyosarcoma of the paratesticular region: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"25","author":"Fisher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib28","first-page":"421","article-title":"Primary intratesticular sarcoma","volume":"55","author":"Chandra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68823-4","article-title":"Paratesticular sarcoma: failure patterns after definitive local therapy","volume":"161","author":"Catton","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896917707040","article-title":"Paratesticular soft-tissue masses in orchiectomy specimens: a 17-year survey of primary and incidental cases from one institution","volume":"25","author":"Priemer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000030383","article-title":"Locally recurrent malignant fibrous histiocytoma: a rare and aggressive genitourinary malignancy","volume":"62","author":"Froehner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-013-2963-0","article-title":"Paratesticular liposarcoma: unusual patterns of recurrence and importance of margins","volume":"20","author":"Khandekar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i2.457","article-title":"Paratesticular liposarcoma: two case reports","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200301000-00005","article-title":"Paratesticular liposarcoma: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"27","author":"Montgomery","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib35","article-title":"Liposarcoma in the Inguinal canal: challenges in preoperative diagnosis and importance of routine pathological examination of \"Hernia Sacs\"","volume":"2018","author":"Febres-Aldana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib36","article-title":"Liposarcoma of the spermatic cord: impact of final surgical intervention\u2014an institutional experience","volume":"2016","author":"Bachmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-005-0046-2","article-title":"Spermatic cord liposarcoma: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"10","author":"Vazquez-Lavista","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib38","first-page":"951","article-title":"Paratesticular liposarcoma: a report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"84","author":"Littles","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930400214","article-title":"Myxoid liposarcoma of the spermatic cord","volume":"40","author":"McFadden","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib40","article-title":"Case report: two cases of primary paratesticular liposarcoma","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2010.113","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis: a series of eight cases with uncertain malignant potential","volume":"23","author":"Brimo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2017.04.022","article-title":"Clinical features and outcomes of tunica vaginalis mesothelioma: a case series from the national institutes of health","volume":"15","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Genitourin Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3887-9","article-title":"Imaging of mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"26","author":"Bertolotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14669","article-title":"Molecular and immunohistochemical characterisation of mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis","volume":"81","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.06.028","article-title":"A diagnostic approach to paratesticular lesions with tubulopapillary architecture: a series of 16 serous borderline tumors\/low-grade serous carcinoma and 14 well-differentiated papillary mesothelial tumors and mesothelioma","volume":"128","author":"Zafar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.14735\/amko2016369","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis. A clinicopathologic analysis of two cases with a review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Mrinakova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Klin Onkol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib47","first-page":"S217","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of paratesticular adenomatoid tumors","volume":"28","author":"Urkmez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Coll Phys Surg Pak"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib48","first-page":"813","article-title":"Leiomyoadenomatoid tumor of epididymis: a variant of adenomatoid tumor","volume":"50","author":"Shehabeldin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.1938","article-title":"Adenomatoid tumors of the testis: a report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(75)90521-X","article-title":"Adenomatoid tumors (mesothelioma) of testicular and paratesticular tissue","volume":"6","author":"de Klerk","year":"1975","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1987.tb05494.x","article-title":"Intrascrotal adenomatoid tumours","volume":"60","author":"Kiely","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2007.01892.x","article-title":"Spindle cell lipoma of the spermatic cord","volume":"14","author":"Ide","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2016.4.345","article-title":"An unusual case of primary intrascrotal lipoma","volume":"88","author":"Fabiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2021.06.062","article-title":"Scrotal leiomyoma: an uncommon cause of chronic scrotal swelling","volume":"16","author":"Adil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2019.02.019","article-title":"MR imaging of paratesticular bilateral leiomyoma: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Dell'Aversana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib56","first-page":"PD05","article-title":"Bilateral synchronous paratesticular leiomyoma\u2014a rare entity","volume":"11","author":"Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib57","first-page":"213","article-title":"Paratesticular leiomyoma in an azoospermic patient and -successful testicular sperm extraction (TESE) for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with an ongoing pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Ortega-Hrepich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Facts Views Vis Obgyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2011.04.008","article-title":"Angioleiomyoma of the scrotal wall","volume":"74","author":"Ozkan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2008.02011.x","article-title":"Paratesticular angioleiomyoma with cytological atypia","volume":"15","author":"Del Sordo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e248423","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-248423","article-title":"Leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei of the scrotum: a rare entity","volume":"15","author":"Gama","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2022.107580","article-title":"Paratesticular leiomyoma mimicking an inguinal hernia: a rare case report and literature review","volume":"98","author":"Irsayanto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib62","first-page":"82","article-title":"A case of bilateral synchronous paratesticular leiomyoma","volume":"16","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib63","article-title":"Paratesticular leiomyoma: a case report of a rare entity","volume":"47","author":"Hermi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4322\/acr.2021.374","article-title":"Papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis","volume":"12","author":"Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autops Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1309\/0C8NN2J3CP6UAMHB","article-title":"Paratesticular cysts with benign epithelial proliferations of wolffian origin","volume":"124","author":"Nistal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2006.01255.x","article-title":"Angiomyofibroblastoma-like tumors (cellular angiofibroma)","volume":"13","author":"Canales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib67","article-title":"Painless left scrotal mass: a rare case of paratesticular angiofibroma","volume":"14","author":"Owaidah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2016.4.330","article-title":"Rare presentation of a testicular angiofibroma treated with testis sparing surgery","volume":"88","author":"Leone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-0861-3","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings of cellular angiofibroma of the tunica vaginalis of the testis: a case report","volume":"10","author":"Ntorkou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2013.03.008","article-title":"Paratesticular cellular angiofibroma with atypical (bizarre) cells: case report and literature review","volume":"209","author":"Val-Bernal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib71","article-title":"Paratesticular cellular angiofibroma (CAF): a rare case report","volume":"15","author":"Gaspar Reis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-024-04499-y","article-title":"Paratesticular cellular angiofibroma: a case report","volume":"18","author":"Murashima","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-423","article-title":"Angiofibroma of the spermatic cord: a case report and a review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Dikaiakos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-006-0289-z","article-title":"Para-testicular cellular angiofibroma: a rare tumour in a male renal transplant patient","volume":"449","author":"Sabah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib75","article-title":"The dilemma in the diagnosis of paratesticular lesions","volume":"14","author":"Dighe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)54650-9","article-title":"Treatment of malignant tumors of the spermatic cord: a study of 10 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"126","author":"Blitzer","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4322\/acr.2014.007","article-title":"Malignant paratesticular mesothelioma","volume":"4","author":"da Fonseca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autops Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2020.11.003","article-title":"Management of rhabdomyosarcoma in pediatric patients","volume":"30","author":"Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15102864","article-title":"Pediatric rhabdomyosarcomas of the genitourinary tract","volume":"15","author":"Castle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.015","article-title":"Update on pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the APSA Cancer Committee","volume":"55","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.11.027","article-title":"Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma: importance of initial therapy","volume":"52","author":"Hammond","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-020-01753-3","article-title":"Optimal treatment strategy for paratesticular liposarcoma: retrospective analysis of 265 reported cases","volume":"25","author":"Kamitani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03533-6","article-title":"Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes in men with mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: analysis of published case-series data","volume":"147","author":"Grogg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.3.869","article-title":"Prognostic factors in adult patients with locally controlled soft tissue sarcoma. A study of 546 patients from the French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group","volume":"14","author":"Coindre","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960501)77:9<1873::AID-CNCR17>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"The management of spermatic cord sarcoma","volume":"77","author":"Fagundes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib86","unstructured":"Nicol DBD, Boormans JL, Di Nardo D, et al. EAU Guidelines on Testicular Cancer 2024. Available at: https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/testicular-cancer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib87","unstructured":"Network NCC. NCCN Guidelines Version 4.2024 Soft Tissue Sarcoma 2024 [updated January 23, 2025. Available at: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/pdf\/sarcoma.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.07.006","article-title":"Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up(\u2606)","volume":"32","author":"Gronchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"}],"container-title":["Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0090429525008283?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0090429525008283?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T05:07:33Z","timestamp":1780722453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0090429525008283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["S0090429525008283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-4295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-4295","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Paratesticular Tumors: A Systematic Review and Proposed Risk-Based Management Algorithm","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Urology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2025.08.055","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}