{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:49:03Z","timestamp":1790729343564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA102042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA102042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004802","name":"California Cancer Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["99-0050-V-10260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99-0050-V-10260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T22:15:28Z","timestamp":1589235328000},"page":"642.e1-642.e9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Incident testicular cancer in relation to using marijuana and smoking tobacco: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ashley","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No Kang","family":"Myung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5001-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bogumil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9469-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugonna","family":"Ihenacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7704-2928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine L.","family":"Burg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria K.","family":"Cortessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.288","article-title":"Recent trends in the incidence of testicular germ cell tumors in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Ghazarian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0002","series-title":"Germ cell tumors","article-title":"Epidemiologic insights into the occurrence and causes of testicular cancer","author":"Cortessis","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0003","series-title":"Monitoring the future national survery results on drug use 1975-2018: Volume II, College students and adults ages 19-60","author":"Schulenberg","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.01.004","article-title":"Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995-2014): analysis of current data in the United States","volume":"79","author":"ElSohly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24159","article-title":"Association of marijuana use and the incidence of testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"115","author":"Daling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25499","article-title":"Marijuana use and testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"117","author":"Trabert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27554","article-title":"Population-based case-control study of recreational drug use and testis cancer risk confirms an association between marijuana use and nonseminoma risk","volume":"118","author":"Lacson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0428","article-title":"Cannabis use and incidence of testicular cancer: a 42-year follow-up of Swedish Men between 1970 and 2011","volume":"26","author":"Callaghan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.2741\/3701","article-title":"The manifold actions of endocannabinoids on female and male reproductive events","volume":"16","author":"Bari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0006","article-title":"Jekyll and hyde: two faces of cannabinoid signaling in male and female fertility","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197404182901602","article-title":"Depression of plasma testosterone levels after chronic intensive marihuana use","volume":"290","author":"Kolodny","year":"1974","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e32835a7c4d","article-title":"Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol acts as a partial agonist\/antagonist in mice","volume":"23","author":"Paronis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010025","article-title":"cannabinoid receptors signaling in the development, epigenetics, and tumours of male germ cells","volume":"21","author":"Barchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49177-y","article-title":"Characterisation and localisation of the endocannabinoid system components in the adult human testis","volume":"9","author":"Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303818","article-title":"Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: a comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations","volume":"107","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700275p","article-title":"A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions","volume":"21","author":"Moir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70326-2","article-title":"A review of human carcinogens\u2013part E: tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish","volume":"10","author":"Secretan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21685","article-title":"Declaring the existence of human germ-cell mutagens","volume":"53","author":"Demarini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0019","unstructured":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 83: Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking, Lyon, France, 2004. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. ISBN 92 832 1283 5, ISSN 1017-1606."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0023","series-title":"Methods for meta-analysis in medical research","author":"Sutton","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30884","article-title":"Postnatal risk factors for testicular cancer: the EPSAM case-control study","volume":"141","author":"Moirano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11327","article-title":"Dietary risk factors for testicular carcinoma","volume":"106","author":"Garner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0027","first-page":"356","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of risk factors for testicular cancer: a hospital-based case-control study in the Czech Republic","volume":"55","author":"Dusek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910230503","article-title":"Risk factors for cancer of the testis in young men","volume":"23","author":"Henderson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0029","first-page":"4812","article-title":"Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for testicular cancer","volume":"46","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0030","first-page":"549","article-title":"Physical activity and the risk of prostate and testicular cancer: a cohort study of 53,000 Norwegian men","volume":"5","author":"Thune","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1994.337","article-title":"Social, behavioural and medical factors in the aetiology of testicular cancer: results from the UK study. UK Testicular Cancer Study Group","volume":"70","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Cancer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0032","first-page":"398","article-title":"Physical activity, medical history, and risk of testicular cancer (Alberta and British Columbia, Canada)","volume":"6","author":"Gallagher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19960503)66:3<287::AID-IJC2>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Risks of testicular cancer and cryptorchidism in relation to socio-economic status and related factors: case-control studies in Denmark","volume":"66","author":"Moller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-03-0133","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and testicular cancer","volume":"13","author":"Srivastava","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114359","article-title":"Possibility of selection bias in matched case-control studies using friend controls","volume":"124","author":"Flanders","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x","article-title":"The co-occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: a review","volume":"107","author":"Agrawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27878","article-title":"Potential impact of age at first marijuana use on the development of nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"119","author":"Lacson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.011874","article-title":"The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility","volume":"33","author":"Fronczak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2016.107","article-title":"The genomic landscape of testicular germ cell tumours: from susceptibility to treatment","volume":"13","author":"Litchfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt100","article-title":"Null association between histology of first and second primary malignancies in men with bilateral testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"178","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.039","article-title":"Integrated molecular characterization of testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"23","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013_bib0042","first-page":"182","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and testicular germ cell tumors: comprehensive meta-analysis reveals that association between these conditions diminished over time and is modified by clinical characteristics","volume":"3","author":"Banks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1078143920301009?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1078143920301009?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T10:19:10Z","timestamp":1761041950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1078143920301009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1078143920301009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-1439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-1439","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Incident testicular cancer in relation to using marijuana and smoking tobacco: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}