{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:36:14Z","timestamp":1790566574932,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["vaajournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T11:32:48Z","timestamp":1630323168000},"page":"962-971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with lidocaine for femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs undergoing stifle surgery"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Acquafredda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzia","family":"Stabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Lacitignola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Centonze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Crovace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Fiorentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Staffieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e32832ee847","article-title":"Local anaesthetic adjuvants: Neuraxial versus peripheral nerve block","volume":"22","author":"Axelsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12318","article-title":"Comparison of bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine femoral and sciatic nerve blocks with bupivacaine and buprenorphine epidural injection for stifle arthroplasty in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Bartel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181ef4cf0","article-title":"Perineural dexmedetomidine provides an increased duration of analgesia to a thermal stimulus when compared with a systemic control in a rat sciatic nerve block","volume":"35","author":"Brummett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318221fcc9","article-title":"Perineural dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine for sciatic nerve block in rats prolongs the duration of analgesia by blocking the hyperpolarization-activated cation current","volume":"115","author":"Brummett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318182c26b","article-title":"Perineural administration of dexmedetomidine in combination with bupivacaine enhances sensory and motor blockade in sciatic nerve block without inducing neurotoxicity in rat","volume":"109","author":"Brummett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181bbcc26","article-title":"Perineural dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine causes a dose-dependent increase in the duration of thermal antinociception in sciatic nerve block in rat","volume":"111","author":"Brummett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2007.00390.x","article-title":"Distribution of a lidocaine-methylene blue solution staining in brachial plexus, lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve blocks in the dog","volume":"35","author":"Campoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00712.x","article-title":"Procedural sedation combined with locoregional anaesthesia for orthopedic surgery of the pelvic limb in 10 dogs: Case series","volume":"39","author":"Campoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00673.x","article-title":"Comparison of bupivacaine femoral and sciatic nerve block versus bupivacaine and morphine epidural for stifle surgery in dogs","volume":"39","author":"Campoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.07.003","article-title":"Locoregional anesthesia for hind limbs","volume":"49","author":"Campoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib11","first-page":"251","article-title":"Creation and validation of the Italian version of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale-short form (ICMPS-SF)","volume":"54","author":"Della Rocca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002014","article-title":"Perineural dexmedetomidine is more effective than clonidine when added to local anesthetic for supraclavicular brachial plexus block: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"El-Boghdadly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104152","article-title":"Sciatic and femoral nerve blockade using bupivacaine alone, or in combination with dexmedetomidine or buprenorphine in cats","volume":"180","author":"Evangelista","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G\u2217Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib15","series-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia (5th edn of Lumb and Jones)","first-page":"332","article-title":"Local anesthetics","author":"Garcia","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000139158","article-title":"Hyperpolarizing afterpotentials in C fibers and local anesthetic effects of clonidine and lidocaine","volume":"48","author":"Gaumann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200112000-00025","article-title":"Preferential block of small myelinated sensory and motor fibers by lidocaine: In\u00a0vivo electrophysiology in the rat sciatic nerve","volume":"95","author":"Gokin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137312","article-title":"Local anesthetic peripheral nerve block adjuvants for prolongation of analgesia: A systematic qualitative review","volume":"10","author":"Kirksey","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00833.x","article-title":"High concentrations of dexmedetomidine inhibit compound action potentials in frog sciatic nerves without alpha(2) adrenoceptor activation","volume":"160","author":"Kosugi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Pharacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2000.00245.x","article-title":"Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of medetomidine and its enantiomers in dogs","volume":"23","author":"Kuusela","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vet Pharmaco Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2007.00356.x","article-title":"Anatomical and experimental studies of brachial plexus, sciatic, and femoral nerve-location using peripheral nerve stimulation in the dog","volume":"35","author":"Mahler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes400","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to ropivacaine prolongs peripheral nerve block: A volunteer study","volume":"110","author":"Marhofer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib23","series-title":"Small Animals Regional Anaesthesia and Analgesia","first-page":"25","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology and toxicology of local anesthetics and adjuncts","author":"Martin-Flores","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c869","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c869","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"340","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00233.x","article-title":"Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: A review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog","volume":"32","author":"Murrell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000380","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine dose dependently enhances the local anesthetic action of lidocaine in inferior alveolar nerve block: A randomized double-blind study","volume":"41","author":"Ouchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198308000-00009","article-title":"Lidocaine and bupivacaine differential blockade of isolated canine nerves","volume":"62","author":"Palmer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2019.08.046","article-title":"Peripheral nerve block versus systemic analgesia in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy: Analgesic efficacy and pharmacoeconomics comparison","volume":"47","author":"Palomba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2010.00572.x","article-title":"Combined paravertebral plexus block and parasacral sciatic block in healthy dogs","volume":"37","author":"Portela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.07.003","article-title":"Regional anesthetic techniques for the pelvic limb and abdominal wall in small animals: A review of the literature and technique description","volume":"238","author":"Portela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.03.001","article-title":"Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine infusion on local anaesthetic block: A spinal anaesthesia clinical model in dogs undergoing hind limb surgery","volume":"124","author":"Sarotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.98767","article-title":"Comparison of dexmedetomidine and clonidine (alpha2 agonist drugs) as an adjuvant to local anaesthesia in supraclavicular brachial plexus block: A randomised double-blind prospective study","volume":"56","author":"Swami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib33","article-title":"Efficacy of dexmedetomidine in two different doses as an adjuvant to lignocaine in patients scheduled for surgeries under axillary block","volume":"11","author":"Thakur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12399","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine combined with ropivacaine on sciatic and femoral nerve blockade in dogs","volume":"44","author":"Trein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/63.4.444","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships in differential nerve block at high and low frequency stimulation","volume":"63","author":"Wildsmith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1467298721002051?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1467298721002051?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T02:59:28Z","timestamp":1761447568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1467298721002051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1467298721002051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-2987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-2987","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with lidocaine for femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs undergoing stifle surgery","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}