{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:33:16Z","timestamp":1785537196316,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007657","name":"Univerza v Ljubljani","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5-5-2020\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-5-2020\/4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007657","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P5-0168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P5-0168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P4-0053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P4-0053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T01:22:51Z","timestamp":1750555371000},"page":"595-603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sedative and cardiovascular effects of premedication with acepromazine, methadone and dexmedetomidine in sevoflurane-anaesthetized dogs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Klasi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3602-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alenka","family":"Seli\u0161kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9378-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Rakini\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manica","family":"Ipavec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerneja","family":"Sreden\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7582-8467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Tomsi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramuscular dexmedetomidine in dogs","volume":"84","author":"Aarnes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.26.852","article-title":"Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of acepromazine or atropine given before dexmedetomidine in dogs","volume":"162","author":"Alvaides","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2010.00576.x","article-title":"Two doses of dexmedetomidine in combination with buprenorphine for premedication in dogs; a comparison with acepromazine in buprenorphine","volume":"38","author":"Bell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib4","series-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia","first-page":"277","article-title":"Injectable anesthetics","author":"Berry","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.04.003","article-title":"Effects of three methadone doses combined with acepromazine on sedation and some cardiopulmonary variables in dogs","volume":"44","author":"Bitti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12172","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory, sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with methadone, morphine or tramadol in dogs","volume":"41","author":"Cardoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.239.1.81","article-title":"Evaluation of the sedative and cardiovascular effects of intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine with and without concurrent atropine administration in dogs","volume":"239","author":"Congdon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.10.969","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of oral transmucosal and intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine in dogs","volume":"80","author":"Dent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib9","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine (2 \u03bcg kg-1) in dogs","volume":"171","author":"de Sant\u2019Ana Alves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12771","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of a dexmedetomidine-methadone combination in dogs undergoing routine anaesthesia after buccal or intramuscular administration","volume":"42","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2006.00732.x","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine or medetomidine premedication before propofol-desflurane anaesthesia in dogs","volume":"29","author":"G\u00f3mez-Villamandos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.26.891","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of intramuscular and intravenous doses of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs and their reversal with atipamezole","volume":"160","author":"Granholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.7.754","article-title":"Hemodynamic influence of acepromazine or dexmedetomidine premedication in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs","volume":"246","author":"Grasso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00670.x","article-title":"Does pethidine affect the cardiovascular and sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in dogs","volume":"50","author":"Grint","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7055","article-title":"2020 AAHA anesthesia and monitoring guidelines for dogs and cats","volume":"56","author":"Grubb","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00752.x","article-title":"Alfaxalone for total intravenous anaesthesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy: a comparison of premedication with acepromazine or dexmedetomidine","volume":"40","author":"Herbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib17","series-title":"Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics","first-page":"281","article-title":"Opioid analgesic drugs","author":"Kukanich","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2000.00245.x","article-title":"Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of medetomidine and its enantiomers in dogs","volume":"23","author":"Kuusela","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1073","article-title":"Comparison of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine as premedicants in dogs undergoing propofol-isoflurane anesthesia","volume":"62","author":"Kuusela","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib20","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs","volume":"22","author":"Laflamme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canine Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001236","article-title":"Sedation with dexmedetomidine or propofol impairs hypoxic control of breathing in healthy male volunteers","volume":"125","author":"Lodenius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2022.08.003","article-title":"Comparison of the sedative effects of intranasal or intramuscular dexmedetomidine at low doses in healthy dogs: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"49","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ramis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.2.193","article-title":"Investigation of associations between preoperative acepromazine or dexmedetomidine administration and development of arterial hypotension or bradycardia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy","volume":"255","author":"Martin-Flores","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.08.009","article-title":"Sedative and cardiovascular effects of intranasal or intramuscular dexmedetomidine in healthy dogs","volume":"44","author":"Micieli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00412.x","article-title":"Effects of methadone, alone or in combination with acepromazine or xylazine, on sedation and physiologic values in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Monteiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00424.x","article-title":"Comparative study on the sedative effects of morphine, methadone, butorphanol or tramadol, in combination with acepromazine, in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Monteiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12265","article-title":"Effects of acepromazine \u2013 morphine and acepromazine \u2013 methadone premedication on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Monteiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib28","first-page":"1504","article-title":"Effects of three acepromazine doses on the incidence of morphine-induced vomiting, sedation and some physiological variables in dogs","volume":"45","author":"Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Sci Vet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.29.2.100","article-title":"Choice of premedicants in cats and dogs","volume":"29","author":"Murrell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1338-y","article-title":"The effects of dexmedetomidine on the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in rabbits","volume":"28","author":"Nishida","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.3.267","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine combined with commonly administered opioids on clinical variables in dogs","volume":"79","author":"Nishimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2020.09.008","article-title":"Comparison between dexmedetomidine and acepromazine in combination with methadone for premedication in brachycephalic dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Petruccione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12121","article-title":"Effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine on anaesthetic induction with alfaxalone \u2013 a clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Pinelas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib34","series-title":"Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics","first-page":"277","article-title":"Sedatives and tranquilizers","author":"Posner","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib35","series-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia","first-page":"196","article-title":"Sedatives and tranquilizers","author":"Rankin","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S096272860003178X","article-title":"Development of the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) and derivation of an analgesic intervention score","volume":"8","author":"Reid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Welfare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008_bib37","author":"Urbaniak"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1467298725001394?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1467298725001394?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:44:47Z","timestamp":1778813087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1467298725001394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1467298725001394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-2987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-2987","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sedative and cardiovascular effects of premedication with acepromazine, methadone and dexmedetomidine in sevoflurane-anaesthetized dogs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.06.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}