{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:46:15Z","timestamp":1791225975862,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,16]],"date-time":"2003-10-16T15:12:33Z","timestamp":1066317153000},"page":"909-914","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Intranasal immunization with genetically detoxified diphtheria toxin induces T cell responses in humans: enhancement of Th2 responses and toxin-neutralizing antibodies by formulation with chitosan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Edel A","family":"McNeela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inderjit","family":"Jabbal-Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisbeth","family":"Illum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Pizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rino","family":"Rappuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audino","family":"Podda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.M","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kingston H.G","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB1","unstructured":"Rappuoli R. New and improved vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus. In: Levine MM, Woodrow MC, Kaper JB, Cobon GS, editors. New generation vaccines. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997. p. 417\u201336."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899004161","article-title":"The sero-epidemiology of diphtheria in Western Europe. ESEN Project. European Sero-Epidemiology Network","volume":"125","author":"Edmunds","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S244","DOI":"10.1086\/315570","article-title":"Implications of the diphtheria epidemic in the Former Soviet Union for immunization programs","volume":"181","author":"Galazka","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(01)01670-5","article-title":"Immunomodulators and delivery systems for vaccination by mucosal routes","volume":"19","author":"Ryan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Biotech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01339.x","article-title":"Mucosal immunity and tolerance: relevance to vaccine development","volume":"170","author":"Czerkinsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00309-1","article-title":"A mucosal vaccine against diphtheria: formulation of cross reacting material (CRM197) of diphtheria toxin with chitosan enhances local and systemic antibody and Th2 responses following nasal delivery","volume":"19","author":"McNeela","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00171-5","article-title":"Chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for vaccines","volume":"51","author":"Illum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-2656(08)70012-7","article-title":"Chitin biotechnology applications","volume":"2","author":"Hirano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Annu. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.2.726-732.2003","article-title":"Protective levels of diphtheria-neutralizing antibody induced in healthy volunteers by unilateral priming-boosting intranasal immunization associated with restricted ipsilateral mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A","volume":"71","author":"Mills","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(96)00175-2","article-title":"Intranasal booster vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus in man","volume":"15","author":"Aggerbeck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7780","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.9.7780-7786.1999","article-title":"Phase 1 evaluation of intranasal virosomal influenza vaccine with and without Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in adult volunteers","volume":"73","author":"Gluck","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00024-4","article-title":"Induction of antigen-specific T cell responses in human volunteers after intranasal immunization with a whole-cell pertussis vaccine","volume":"18","author":"Berstad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1998.00401.x","article-title":"Distinct T-cell subtypes induced with whole cell and acellular pertussis vaccines in children","volume":"93","author":"Ryan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(96)80606-2","article-title":"The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more","volume":"17","author":"Mosmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1086\/323342","article-title":"Immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b-CRM(197) conjugate vaccine elicits a mixed Th1 and Th2 CD(4+) T cell cytokine response that correlates with the isotype of antipolysaccharide antibody","volume":"184","author":"Kamboj","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Vaccine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X03006728?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X03006728?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T04:08:56Z","timestamp":1585195736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0264410X03006728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0264410X03006728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.09.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-410X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0264-410X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}