{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T08:36:28Z","timestamp":1790498188076,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"26","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vaccine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,8]],"date-time":"2005-02-08T10:15:25Z","timestamp":1107857725000},"page":"3357-3368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Immunology of scorpion toxins and perspectives for generation of anti-venom vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Karlen G.","family":"Gazarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Gazarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourival D.","family":"Possani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Secondary metabolites from echinoderms as chemotaxonomic markers","volume":"2","author":"Stonic","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2165278","article-title":"Diversity of Conus neuropeptides","volume":"249","author":"Olivera","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib3","first-page":"17","article-title":"Biodiversity of genus Conus (Fleming 1822): a rich source of bioactive peptides","volume":"129","author":"Le Gall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Belg J Zool"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib4","series-title":"Venom phospholipase A2 enzymes: structure, function and mechanism","author":"Kini","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib5","unstructured":"Harris, JB. Phospholipases A2 that show neurotoxic activity. In: Bailey GS, editor. Enzymes from snake venoms; 1988. p. 425\u201349."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib6","series-title":"Advances in cytopharmacology","first-page":"325","article-title":"Scorpion toxins: chemistry and mode of action","author":"Rochat","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(00)88996-9","article-title":"Combinatorial peptide libraries in drug design: lessons from venomous cone snails","volume":"13","author":"Olivera","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00155-0","article-title":"Toxicity in animals. Trends in evolution?","volume":"39","author":"Mebs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib9","first-page":"13","article-title":"Structure of scorpion toxins","volume":"vol. 2 and 5","author":"Possani","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00625.x","article-title":"Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels","volume":"264","author":"Possani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib11","first-page":"15","article-title":"Structure and function of scorpion toxins affecting K+-channels","volume":"vol. 15\u201316","author":"Possani","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)80428-W","article-title":"The genomic region encoding toxin gamma from the scorpion Tityus serrulatus contains an intron","volume":"335","author":"Becerril","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3130753","article-title":"Toxic peptides and genes encoding toxin gamma of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus bahiensis and Tityus stigmurus","volume":"313","author":"Becerril","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006457","article-title":"Dynamic diversification from a putative common ancestor of scorpion toxins affecting sodium, potassium, and chloride channels","volume":"48","author":"Froy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib15","series-title":"Handbook on neurotoxicology","first-page":"683","article-title":"Scorpion neurotoxins: effects and mechanisms","author":"Martin-Eauclaire","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib16","first-page":"131","article-title":"Functional anatomy of scorpion toxins affecting sodium channels","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Toxicol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00294-5","article-title":"The selectivity of scorpion \u03b1-toxins for sodium channel subtypes is determined by subtle variations at the interacting surface","volume":"41","author":"Gordon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)01167-6","article-title":"Peptides and genes coding for scorpion toxins that affect ion-channels","volume":"82","author":"Possani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00157-3","article-title":"Scorpion toxins: tools for studying K+ channels","volume":"36","author":"Garcia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035552","article-title":"Structural determinants of scorpion toxin affinity: the charybdotoxin (alpha-KTX) family of K+-channel blocking peptides","volume":"140","author":"Tenenholz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.022","article-title":"Current views on scorpion toxins specific for K+-channels","volume":"43","author":"Rodr\u00edguez de la Vega","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90057-8","article-title":"The charybdotoxin family of K+ channel-blocking peptides","volume":"15","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(99)01398-X","article-title":"A unified nomenclature for short-chain peptides isolated from scorpion venoms: \u03b1-KTx molecular subfamilies","volume":"20","author":"Tytgat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib24","first-page":"629","article-title":"Mechanism of action of scorpion toxins","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Couraud","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8034","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.14.8034","article-title":"Scorpion toxins affecting sodium current inactivation bind to distinct homologous receptor sites on rat brain and insect sodium channels","volume":"271","author":"Gordon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7443","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.20.7443","article-title":"Orthorhombic crystals and three-dimensional structure of the potent toxin II from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector","volume":"85","author":"Fontecilla-Camps","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16563","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00051a004","article-title":"Determination of the three-dimensional solution structure of Noxiustoxin: analysis of structural differences with related short-chain scorpion toxins","volume":"34","author":"Dauplais","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2611","article-title":"Solution structure of toxin 2 from Centruroides noxius Hoffmann, a beta scorpion neurotoxin acting on sodium channels","volume":"287","author":"Pintar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.2004.04181.x","article-title":"NMR solution structure of Cn12, a novel peptide from the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius with a typical \u03b2-toxin sequence but with \u03b1-like physiological activity","volume":"271","author":"Portilla del Rio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)00636-X","article-title":"Site-directed mutants of noxiustoxin to reveal specific interactions with potassium channels","volume":"429","author":"Martinez","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib31","first-page":"155","article-title":"Diversity and endemism in Tropical versus Temperate scorpion communities","volume":"70","author":"Lourenco","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biogeographica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib32","first-page":"349","article-title":"Scorpionism in the Old World","volume":"vol. 3","author":"Balozet","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(97)00099-8","article-title":"Comparison and characterization of the venoms of three Parabuthus scorpion species occurring in South Africa","volume":"36","author":"Debont","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib34","first-page":"317","article-title":"Scorpionism in the Old World","volume":"3","author":"Bucherl","year":"1971"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00144-8","article-title":"In vivo protection against Androctonus australis hector scorpion toxin and venom by immunization with a synthetic analog of toxin II","volume":"15","author":"Zenouaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00379-6","article-title":"Use of fusion protein constructs to generate potent immunotherapy and protection against scorpion toxins","volume":"20","author":"Legros","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00187-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization, antigenicity and immunogenicity of anatoxic polymeric forms conferring protection against scorpion venoms","volume":"35","author":"Kharrat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib38","first-page":"10","article-title":"\u00d3bitos por escorpionismo no Brasil (1990\u20131993)","volume":"28","author":"Cardoso","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00138-5","article-title":"Induction of neutralizing antibodies against Tityus serrulatus toxins by immunization with a recombinant nontoxic protein","volume":"38","author":"Guatimosim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(95)02031-4","article-title":"Structural and functional comparison of toxins from the venom of the scorpions Centruroides infamatus infamatus, Centruroides limpidus limpidus and Centruroides noxius","volume":"113B","author":"Dehesa-D\u00e1vila","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(81)90044-1","article-title":"Scorpion venoms and neurotoxins: an immunological study","volume":"19","author":"Delori","year":"1981","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(83)90047-0","article-title":"Immunochemistry of scorpion \u03b1-neurotoxins. Determination of the antigenic site number and isolation of highly enriched antibody specific to a single antigenic site of toxin II of Androctonus australis Hector","volume":"20","author":"El Ayeb","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(81)90036-2","article-title":"Detoxification with glutaraldehyde of purified scorpion (Centruroides noxius Hoffmann) venom","volume":"19","author":"Possani","year":"1981","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02907789","article-title":"The primary structure of noxiustoxin: a K+-channel blocking peptide from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann","volume":"47","author":"Possani","year":"1982","journal-title":"Carlsberg Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00620.x","article-title":"Mapping of an epitope recognized by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody specific to toxin Cn2 from the scorpion Centruroides noxius, using discontinuous synthetic peptides","volume":"264","author":"Calderon-Aranda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0134(19991001)37:1<130::AID-PROT13>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Antibody BCF2 against scorpion toxin Cn2 from Centruroides noxius Hofmann: primary structure and three-dimensional model as free Fv fragment and complexed with its antigen","volume":"37","author":"Selisko","year":"1999","journal-title":"PROTEINS: Struct Funct Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00133-X","article-title":"Neutralizing capacity of antibodies elicited by a non-toxic protein purified from the venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus","volume":"35","author":"Chavez-Olortegui","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(01)00117-1","article-title":"Molecular basis for the cross-reactivity of antibodies elicited by a natural anatoxin with alpha- and beta-toxins from the venom of Tityus serrulatus scorpion","volume":"38","author":"Chavez-Olortegui","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1970.tb01111.x","article-title":"Purification of animal neurotoxins. Isolation and characterization of eleven neurotoxins from the venom of the scorpions Androctonus australis Hector, Buthus occitanus tunetanus and Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus","volume":"16","author":"Miranda","year":"1970","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.9.3371","article-title":"Specificity and neutralizing capacity of antibodies elicited by a synthetic peptide of scorpion toxin","volume":"136","author":"Bahraoui","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.1.214","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to scorpion toxins. Characterization and molecular mechanisms of neutralization","volume":"141","author":"Bahraoui","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6671","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00369a052","article-title":"Use of antibodies specific to defined regions of scorpion \u03b1-toxin to study its interaction with its receptor site on the sodium channel","volume":"25","author":"El Ayeb","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0653w.x","article-title":"Recombinant insect-specific \u03b1-toxin of Buthus occitanus tunetanus scorpion confers protection against homologous mammal toxins","volume":"238","author":"Bouhaouala-Zahar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90006-Q","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to toxin II from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector: further characterization of epitope specificities and neutralizing capacities","volume":"30","author":"Yahi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00826-0","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies neutralizing the toxin II from Androctonus australis hector scorpion venom: usefulness of a synthetic, non-toxic analog","volume":"412","author":"Devaux","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(02)00338-1","article-title":"A strategy for inducing an immune response against Androctonus australis scorpion venom toxin I in mice. Production of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies and their use in a sensitive two-site immunometric assay","volume":"271","author":"Devaux","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1089\/hyb.1995.14.247","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies against noxiustoxin","volume":"14","author":"H\u00e9rion","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hybridoma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(01)00320-0","article-title":"Molecular localization and crossreactivity of two epitopes of noxiustoxin from scorpion Centruroides noxius, identified by a panel of monoclonal antibodies and peptide mimotopes","volume":"80","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16635.x","article-title":"Amino acid sequence and immunological characterization with monoclonal antibodies of two toxins from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann","volume":"204","author":"Zamudio","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(96)00043-8","article-title":"Fab fragments of the monoclonal antibody BCF2 are capable of neutralizing the whole soluble venom from the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann","volume":"34","author":"Licea","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00059-A","article-title":"The use of synthetic peptides be a misleading approach to generate vaccines against scorpion toxins","volume":"13","author":"Calderon-Aranda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(97)00103-7","article-title":"In vivo protection against Tityus serrulatus scorpion toxins by immunization of mice with a non-toxic protein","volume":"36","author":"Moreira-Ferreira","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00187-1","article-title":"Molecular cloning and genomic analysis of TsNTxp: an immunogenic protein from Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom","volume":"37","author":"Guatimosim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00197-0","article-title":"Induction of neutralizing antibodies against Tityus serrulatus scorpion toxins by immunization with a mixture of defined synthetic epitopes","volume":"40","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.10.021","article-title":"Immunized camel sera and derived immunoglobulin subclasses neutralizing Androctonus australis hector scorpion toxins","volume":"42","author":"Meddeb-Mouelhi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)72006-7","article-title":"Antivenom for scorpion sting","volume":"355","author":"Burdett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)72007-9","article-title":"Antivenom for scorpion sting","volume":"355","author":"Possani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)72008-0","article-title":"Antivenom for scorpion sting","volume":"355","author":"Abroug","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2001.01923.x","article-title":"Construction and functional evaluation of a single-chain antibody fragment that neutralizes toxin AahI from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis hector","volume":"268","author":"Devaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib70","first-page":"449","article-title":"The antiglobulin response to therapeutic antibodies","volume":"2","author":"Isaacs","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00005-7","article-title":"The scorpion envenoming syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Ismail","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01179-5","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies against the Androctonus australis hector scorpion neurotoxin. I: characterization and use for venom neutralisation","volume":"458","author":"Clot-Faybesse","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01647-0","article-title":"A recombinant single-chain antibody fragment that neutralizes toxin II from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis hector","volume":"442","author":"Mousli","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180300053","article-title":"Design and evaluation of a diabody to improve protection against a potent scorpion neurotoxin","volume":"60","author":"Aubrey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(89)90001-1","article-title":"The antigenic structure of a scorpion toxin","volume":"26","author":"Granier","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(88)90495-7","article-title":"Antibody-selectable filamentous fd phage vectors: affinity purification of target genes","volume":"73","author":"Parmley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1696028","article-title":"Searching for peptide ligands with an epitope library","volume":"249","author":"Scott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6378","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.16.6378","article-title":"Peptides on phage: a vast library of peptides for identifying ligands","volume":"87","author":"Cwirla","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(91)90213-P","article-title":"Selection of antibody ligands from a large library of oligopeptides expressed on a multivalent exposition vector","volume":"222","author":"Felici","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1021\/cr960065d","article-title":"Phage display","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207023330561","article-title":"Random sequence libraries displayed on phage: identification of biologically important molecules","volume":"5","author":"Adda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comb Chem High Throughput Screen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(86)90081-7","article-title":"A priori delineation of a peptide which mimics a discontinuous antigenic determinant","volume":"23","author":"Geysen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.7.3162","article-title":"Derivation of vaccines from mimotopes. Immunologic properties of human hepatitis B virus surface antigen mimotopes displayed on filamentous phage","volume":"154","author":"Meola","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(96)67008-6","article-title":"Immunization with phage-displayed mimotopes","volume":"267","author":"Galfr\u00e9","year":"1996","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207033329779","article-title":"Potential of phage display library to mimic conformational epitopes: a study on the scorpion toxin Cn2 and its neutralizing mAb BCF2","volume":"6","author":"Gazarian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Combin Chem High Throughput Screen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207013331309","article-title":"Antigenic and immunogenic phage displayed mimotopes as substitute antigens: applications and limitations","volume":"4","author":"Deroo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comb Chem High Throughput Screen"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1999.0653","article-title":"Epitope discovery using bacteriophage display: the minimum epitope of an anti-IRBP antibody","volume":"68","author":"Tighe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"12\u201313","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(00)00091-2","article-title":"Isolation and structure-functional characterization of phage display library-derived mimotopes of noxiustoxin, a neurotoxin of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann","volume":"37","author":"Gazarian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl A","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib89","first-page":"137","article-title":"The neutralizing antibody response to HIV-1: viral evasion and escape from humoral immunity","volume":"13","author":"Parren","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01188","article-title":"HIV-1 evades antibody-mediated neutralization through conformational masking of receptor-binding sites","volume":"420","author":"Kwong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(95)80094-8","article-title":"Epitope exposure on functional, oligomeric HIV gp41 molecules","volume":"206","author":"Sattentau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(99)00080-2","article-title":"Hypervariable epitope construct: a synthetic immunogen that overcomes MHC restriction of antigen presentation","volume":"36","author":"Meyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207023330589","article-title":"Mimotopes of viral antigens and biologically important molecules as candidate vaccines and potential immunotherapeutics","volume":"5","author":"Partidos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comb Chem High Throughput Screen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/nri891","article-title":"Antibodies, viruses and vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Burton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/72309","article-title":"Human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies of the IgG1 subtype protect against mucosal simian\/human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Baba","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Vaccine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X05001908?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X05001908?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T10:14:34Z","timestamp":1759400074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0264410X05001908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"26","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0264410X05001908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-410X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0264-410X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immunology of scorpion toxins and perspectives for generation of anti-venom vaccines","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Vaccine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}