{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:44:43Z","timestamp":1774647883048,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"49","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vaccine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]],"date-time":"2017-11-10T04:16:09Z","timestamp":1510287369000},"page":"6905-6914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Cost-effectiveness of maternal GBS immunization in low-income sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Louise B.","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Cosgriff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sri Ram","family":"Pentakota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie J.","family":"Schrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajoke","family":"Sobanjo-ter Meulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Verani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anushua","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61651-6","article-title":"Group B streptococcal disease in infants aged younger than 3months: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"379","author":"Edmond","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0010","unstructured":"Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ. Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease: revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report Recommendations and reports\/Centers for Disease Control 2010;59:1\u201332."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.01.062","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of a potential group B streptococcal vaccine program for pregnant women in South Africa","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0020","unstructured":"Novartis Vaccines (Novartis). Safety and Immunogenicity of a Group B Streptococcus Vaccine in Non pregnant and pregnant Women 18-40 Years of Age (NLM Identifier: NCT01193920). ClinicalTrialsgov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0025","unstructured":"Novartis Vaccines (Novartis). Immune Response Induced by a Vaccine Against Group B Streptococcus and Safety in pregnant Women and Their Offsprings (NLM Identifier: NCT01446289). ClinicalTrialsgov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0030","unstructured":"Novartis Vaccines (Novartis). A Phase Ib\/II Randomized, Observer-Blind, Controlled, Single Centre Study of a Trivalent Group B Streptococcus Vaccine in Healthy Non-Pregnant Women Leading Into a Dose-Ranging Study in Pregnant Women in South Africa. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0035","unstructured":"Novartis Vaccines (Novartis). Magnitude of the Antibody Response to and Safety of a GBS Trivalent Vaccine in HIV Positive and HIV Negative Pregnant Women and Their Offsprings. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001233","article-title":"Disease burden of Group B streptococcus among infants in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Sinha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediat Infect Disease J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.15.164418","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness thresholds: pros and cons","volume":"94","author":"Bertram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bullet World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0050","series-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant","first-page":"403","article-title":"Group B Streptococcal Infections","author":"Edwards","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0055","article-title":"Using cluster analysis to group countries for cost-effectiveness analysis: an application to sub-saharan africa","author":"Russell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.6.e77","article-title":"Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis: estimation of odds ratios by critical literature review","volume":"103","author":"Benitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0065","unstructured":"United Nations Population Division. Abridged life table, for both sexes combined, by major area, region and country, 1950\u20132100."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0070","unstructured":"United Nations Population Division. Life expectancy at exact age, e(x), for both sexes combined, by major area, region and country, 1950\u20132100."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0075","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antenatal care coverage, data by country. Global Health Observatory; 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0080","unstructured":"World Bank. GDP deflator series. World Development Indicators."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0085","unstructured":"World Bank. Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average). World Development Indicators."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S227","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw558","article-title":"What pertussis mortality rates make maternal acellular pertussis immunization cost-effective in low- and middle-income countries? A decision analysis","volume":"63","author":"Russell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0095","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Choosing Interventions that are Cost Effective (WHO-CHOICE). Country-specific Unit Costs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905512Y.0000000010","article-title":"Economic burden of acute lower respiratory tract infection in South African children","volume":"32","author":"Sinha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediat Int Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16067","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.67","article-title":"Maternal colonization with Streptococcus agalactiae and associated stillbirth and neonatal disease in coastal Kenya","volume":"1","author":"Seale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seale AC, Blencowe H, Zaidi A, Ganatra H, Syed S, Engmann C, et al. for the Neonatal Infections Estimation Team. Neonatal severe bacterial infection impairment estimates in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America for 2010. Pediat Res 2013;74 Suppl 1:73\u201385.","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.207"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.103","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness and economic benefits of vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Ozawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.02.017","article-title":"Country-level cost-effectiveness thresholds: initial estimates and the need for further research","volume":"19","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.04.013","article-title":"Estimating the uptake of maternal syphilis screening and other antenatal interventions before and after national rollout of syphilis point-of-care testing in Ghana","volume":"130","author":"Dassah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172414","article-title":"Impact of vaccine herd-protection effects in cost-effectiveness analyses of childhood vaccinations. A quantitative comparative analysis","volume":"12","author":"Holubar","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0135","series-title":"Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0140","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory. Infant nutrition, data by country (preterm birth rate 2010). At http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/view.main.1730 [Last accessed July 2016]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1179\/146532805X45692","article-title":"Aetiology of neonatal sepsis in Blantyre, Malawi: 1996\u20132001","volume":"25","author":"Milledge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001063420103","article-title":"Group B streptococcal disease in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis","volume":"342","author":"Schrag","year":"2000","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1302.060680","article-title":"Invasive group B streptococcal infection in infants","volume":"13","author":"Gray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malawi Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803125002814","article-title":"High burden of invasive Streptococcus agalactiae disease in South African infants","volume":"23","author":"Madhi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1086\/376457","article-title":"Prematurity is the major risk factor for late-onset group B streptococcus disease","volume":"188","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0170","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Country stillbirth rates per 1000 total births for 2009. At http:\/\/www.who.int\/pmnch\/media\/news\/2011\/stillbirths_countryrates.pdf [Last accessed July 2016]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0175","first-page":"858","article-title":"Is prophylaxis of early-onset group B streptococcal disease appropriate for South Africa?","volume":"91","author":"Bomela","year":"2001","journal-title":"S Afr Med J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(05)80003-9","article-title":"Neonatal group B streptococcal infections in Indian (Asian) babies in South Africa","volume":"22","author":"Haffejee","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/712150","article-title":"Choice and duration of antimicrobial therapy for neonatal sepsis and meningitis","author":"Sivanandan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3453","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of Group B Streptococcal Meningitis","volume":"130","author":"Libster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03249.x","article-title":"Early hospital discharge of infants born to group B streptococci-positive mothers: a decision analysis","volume":"119","author":"Berger","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0200","unstructured":"United Nations, Population Division. File MORT\/17-1: Abridged life table, for both sexes combined, by major area, region and country, 1950-2100 Estimates, 1950\u20132015. At https:\/\/esa.un.org\/unpd\/wpp\/Download\/Standard\/Population\/ [Accessed July 2016]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0205","unstructured":"United Nations, Population Division. File MORT\/16-1: Life expectancy at exact age, e(x), for both sexes combined, by major area, region and country, 1950-2100 Estimates, 1950\u20132015. At https:\/\/esa.un.org\/unpd\/wpp\/Download\/Standard\/Population\/ Accessed July 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0210","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory. Antenatal care coverage, data by country. At http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/view.main.321 Last accessed July 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1086\/422756","article-title":"Level of maternal IgG anti\u2013Group B Streptococcus type iii antibody correlated with protection of neonates against early-onset disease caused by this pathogen","volume":"190","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0220","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Choosing Interventions that are Cost Effective (WHO-CHOICE). Country-specific Unit Costs. At http:\/\/www.who.int\/choice\/country\/country_specific\/en\/ Last accessed September 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61680-8","article-title":"Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Salomon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Vaccine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X17310575?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X17310575?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,24]],"date-time":"2018-12-24T15:48:50Z","timestamp":1545666530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0264410X17310575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"49","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0264410X17310575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.732110997.793552186","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0264-410X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0264-410X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cost-effectiveness of maternal GBS immunization in low-income sub-Saharan Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Vaccine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.108","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}