{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:56:26Z","timestamp":1792652186282,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,5]],"date-time":"2017-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vaccine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]],"date-time":"2017-12-15T09:36:23Z","timestamp":1513330583000},"page":"498-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine: A global assessment of demand and supply balance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Tania","family":"Cernuschi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Malvolti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Nickels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Friede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report. WHO. <http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en\/>; 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the current evidence on the duration of protection by bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin vaccination against tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Abubakar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heal Technol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta21390","article-title":"Observational study to estimate the changes in the effectiveness of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccination with time since vaccination for preventing tuberculosis in the UK","volume":"21","author":"Mangtani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess (Rockv)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0020","first-page":"27","article-title":"BCG Vaccine: WHO position paper","volume":"79","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0025","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy: eighth report. vol. 968. Geneva; 2012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0030","first-page":"405","article-title":"Global leprosy update, 2015: time for action, accountability and inclusion","volume":"91","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0035","unstructured":"Zimmermann and Curtis et al. Does BCG vaccination protect against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection? Parkville, Australia; 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001012","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001012","article-title":"The BCG world atlas: a database of global BCG vaccination policies and practices","volume":"8","author":"Zwerling","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0045","unstructured":"WHO\/UNICEF. Joint Reporting Form (JRF). <http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/monitoring_surveillance\/data\/en\/>; 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.01.034","article-title":"Whole genome sequence analysis of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) Tokyo 172: a comparative study of BCG vaccine substrains","volume":"27","author":"Seki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15443","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15443","article-title":"Genomic expression catalogue of a global collection of BCG vaccine strains show evidence for highly diverged metabolic and cell-wall adaptations","volume":"5","author":"Abdallah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2009.03.002","article-title":"Mapping the global use of different BCG vaccine strains","volume":"89","author":"Ritz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0065","unstructured":"UNICEF Supply Division. Bacillus calmette-gu\u00e9rin vaccine supply & demand outlook. <https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/supply\/files\/BCG_Supply_Status_December_2015.pdf>; 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0070","unstructured":"Statens Serum Institut. AJ Biologics agrees to acquire SSI vaccine production business from the Danish state. http:\/\/www.ssi.dk\/~\/media\/Indhold\/EN - engelsk\/News\/Saturn press release_1 June 2016 UK.ashx; 2016 [accessed February 28, 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0075","unstructured":"Romania Insider. Romanian vaccine producer Cantacuzino Institute on the verge of collapse, employees demand manager\u2019s dismissal. Romania-Insider.com. <http:\/\/www.romania-insider.com\/romanian-vaccine-producer-cantacuzino-institute-on-the-verge-of-collapse-employees-demand-managers-dismissal\/>; 2012 [accessed February 28, 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0080","unstructured":"Statens Serum Institut. Statens Serum Institut has procured a tuberculosis vaccine from Japan. <http:\/\/www.ssi.dk\/English\/News\/News\/2016\/2016 - 01 - EPI-NEWS 4 BCG vaccine Japan.aspx>; Febr 3, 2017 n.d. [accessed February 28, 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0085","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO prequalified vaccines \u2013 BCG vaccine (Freeze Dried) \u2013 Intradermal. <https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/gavi\/PQ_Web\/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=294&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1>; 2017 [accessed April 14, 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0090","unstructured":"American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. BCG Vaccine Live Intravesical. <https:\/\/www.ashp.org\/Drug-Shortages\/Current-Shortages\/Drug-Shortage-Detail.aspx?id=915>; 2016 [accessed February 28, 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0095","unstructured":"Pharmafile. Dutch government sells off vaccine facility. <http:\/\/www.pharmafile.com\/news\/149629\/netherlands-vaccine-institute-bilthoven-sale>; 2011 [accessed February 28, 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0100","unstructured":"Governo do Brasil. Anvisa suspende fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de vacinas BCG e Imuno BCG. Portal Bras. <http:\/\/www.brasil.gov.br\/saude\/2016\/12\/anvisa-suspende-fabricacao-de-vacinas-bcg-e-imuno-bcg>; 2016 [accessed February 28, 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0105","unstructured":"UN Population Division (UNPD). World population prospects. <https:\/\/esa.un.org\/unpd\/wpp\/>; 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0110","unstructured":"Linksbridge SPC. Global vaccine market model (GVMM) demand module. 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0115","unstructured":"UNICEF Supply Division. Total number of doses (Millions doses) for each vaccine procured by year for 1996\u20132015. <https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/supply\/files\/Table_of_Vaccine_Procurement_1996__2015_Volume.pdf>; 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0120","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for South East Asia. Global leprosy strategy 2016\u20132020: accelerating towards a leprosy-free world \u2013 2016 operational manual. New Delhi; 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0125","unstructured":"Government of Canada. Admissions of permanent residents by country of citizenship. Perm Resid \u2013 Mon IRCC Updat \u2013 Open Gov Portal. <http:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/f7e5498e-0ad8-4417-85c9-9b8aff9b9eda?_ga=2.175751589.622797135.1508266615-1491582383.1508266615>; 2017 [accessed October 17, 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0130","unstructured":"Eurostat. Asylum statistics. <http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php\/Asylum_statistics>; 2017 [accessed October 4, 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0135","unstructured":"UNHCR. UNHCR Global Report \u2013 Regional Summaries: Europe; 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0140","first-page":"53","article-title":"History of BCG vaccine","volume":"8","author":"Luca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maedica (Buchar)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2013.2.2.83","article-title":"BCG vaccine in Korea","volume":"2","author":"Joung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Vaccine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-493","article-title":"Genomic and proteomic analyses of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Mexico 1931 reveal a diverse immunogenic repertoire against tuberculosis infection","volume":"12","author":"Ordu\u00f1a","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2007.331","article-title":"Historical review of BCG vaccine in Japan","volume":"60","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5349.2003","article-title":"Genetic composition of Mycobacterium bovis BCG substrain Sofia","volume":"41","author":"Stefanova","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3355-1","article-title":"Mosaic structure of Mycobacterium bovis BCG genomes as a representation of phage sequences\u2019 mobility","volume":"17","author":"Voronina","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0170","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Revised procedure for expedited review of imported prequalified vaccines for use in national immunization programmes. WHO. <http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization_standards\/vaccine_quality\/expedited_review\/en\/>; 2015 [accessed October 17, 2017]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0175","unstructured":"World Health Organization, UNICEF Supply Division. Guidance on how to prioritize globally constrained BCG vaccine supply to countries. <http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/diseases\/tuberculosis\/BCG-country-prioritization.pdf>; 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0180","unstructured":"PAHO Revolving Fund. Vaccine prices for 2017. <http:\/\/www.paho.org\/hq\/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=38122&Itemid=270&lang=en>; 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0185","unstructured":"UNICEF Supply Division. BCG vaccine price data. 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit790","article-title":"Protection by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"58","author":"Mangtani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032567","article-title":"Comparative tuberculosis (TB) prevention effectiveness in children of bacillus calmette-gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccines from different sources, Kazakhstan","volume":"7","author":"Favorov","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ454","article-title":"Editorial commentary: different strains of bacillus calmette-gu\u00e9rin vaccine have very different effects on tuberculosis and on unrelated infections","volume":"61","author":"Shann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1086\/313870","article-title":"Simple, practical ways to assess the protective efficacy of a new tuberculosis vaccine","volume":"30","author":"Comstock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.12.071","article-title":"Vaccine stockouts around the world: are essential vaccines always available when needed?","volume":"35","author":"Lydon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267964","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2017.1267964","article-title":"The real-life number of neonatal doses of Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine in a 20-dose vial","volume":"10","author":"Schaltz-Buchholzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"}],"container-title":["Vaccine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X17317486?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X17317486?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T10:24:41Z","timestamp":1759400681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0264410X17317486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0264410X17317486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-410X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0264-410X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine: A global assessment of demand and supply balance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Vaccine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}