{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T03:27:48Z","timestamp":1767842868538,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005369","name":"Udenrigsministeriet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005369","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005862","name":"R\u00e5det for Udviklingsforskning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001732","name":"Danmarks Grundforskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DNRF108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DNRF108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Health-F3-2011-261375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Health-F3-2011-261375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vaccine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T16:52:28Z","timestamp":1571676748000},"page":"10-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Stopping live vaccines after disease eradication may increase mortality"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8331-1389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Aaby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6102-3810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine S.","family":"Benn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(82)90003-7","article-title":"The global eradication of smallpox","volume":"10","author":"Strassburg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0010","first-page":"421","article-title":"Cessation of use of trivalent oral polio vaccine and introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine worldwide, 2016","volume":"91","author":"Hampton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Week Epid Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000761","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000761","article-title":"The optimal age of measles immunization in low-income countries: a secondary analysis of the assumptions underlying the current policy","volume":"2","author":"Aaby","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.01.041","article-title":"The introduction of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and oral polio vaccine among young infants in an urban African community: a natural experiment","volume":"17","author":"Mogensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6495","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c6495","article-title":"Non-specific effects of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of age on childhood mortality: randomised controlled trial","volume":"341","author":"Aaby","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0030","first-page":"798","article-title":"Survival of previously measles-vaccinated and measles-unvaccinated children in an emergency situation: an unplanned study","volume":"22","author":"Aaby","year":"2003","journal-title":"PIDJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.04.004","article-title":"A small jab \u2013 a big effect: non-specific immunomodulation by vaccines","volume":"34","author":"Benn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ617","article-title":"The effect of oral polio vaccine at birth on infant mortality: a randomized trial","volume":"61","author":"Lund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0045","article-title":"A two-centre randomised trial of an additional early dose of measles vaccine: effects on mortality and measles antibody levels","author":"Fisker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001300","article-title":"Randomized trials comparing inactivated vaccine after medium- or high-titer measles vaccine with standard titer measles vaccine after inactivated vaccine: a meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Aaby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix442","article-title":"Risk of non-targeted infectious disease hospitalizations among U.S. children following inactivated and live vaccines, 2005\u20132014","volume":"65","author":"Bardenheier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"89\u2013100","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0060","first-page":"e5","article-title":"BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity","volume":"23","author":"Arts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0065","unstructured":"Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization, April 2014 \u2013 conclusions and recommendations. Weekly Epidemiol Record 2014;89:221\u201336."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5170","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5170","article-title":"Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: systematic review","volume":"355","author":"Higgins","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Aug","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0075","article-title":"Developing the concept of beneficial nonspecific effect of live vaccines with epidemiological studies","author":"Aaby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.04.045","article-title":"Vaccinia scars associated with better survival for adults. An observational study from Guinea-Bissau","volume":"24","author":"Aaby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000101","article-title":"Vaccinia scars associated with improved survival among adults in rural Guinea-Bissau","volume":"1","author":"Jensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0090","first-page":"695","article-title":"Vaccinations against smallpox and tuberculosis are associated with better long-term survival: a Danish case-cohort study 1971\u20132010","volume":"46","author":"Rieckmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofx130","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx130","article-title":"The effect of Smallpox and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination on the risk of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Guinea-Bissau and Denmark","volume":"4","author":"Rieckmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"OFID"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0100","first-page":"640","article-title":"Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses \u2013 Worldwide, January 2014-March 2015","volume":"64","author":"Diop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6820a3","article-title":"Progress toward polio eradication \u2013 worldwide, January 2017-March 2019","volume":"68","author":"Greene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.015","article-title":"Viral interference induced by live attenuated virus vaccine (OPV) can prevent otitis media","volume":"29","author":"Seppala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofv204","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv204","article-title":"Oral polio vaccination and hospital admissions with non-polio infections in Denmark: Nationwide retrospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"S\u00f8rup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0120","first-page":"123","article-title":"Sabin's vaccine used for nonspecific prevention of infant diarrhea of viral etiology","volume":"8","author":"Contreras","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull Pan Am Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(89)90230-2","article-title":"Effect of the administration of oral poliovirus vaccine on infantile diarrhoea mortality","volume":"7","author":"Contreras","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh005","article-title":"The introduction of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine and child mortality in rural Guinea-Bissau: an observational study","volume":"33","author":"Aaby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.02.009","article-title":"Oral polio vaccination and low case fatality at the paediatric ward in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau","volume":"22","author":"Aaby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.006","article-title":"Campaigns with oral polio vaccine may lower mortality and create unexpected results","volume":"35","author":"Benn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"Feb","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00013","article-title":"National immunization campaigns with oral polio vaccine reduce all-cause mortality: a natural experiment within seven randomized trials","volume":"6","author":"Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen A, Fisker AB, Rodrigues A, Martins C, Ravn H, Lund N, et al. National immunisation campaigns with oral polio vaccine may reduce all-cause mortality: An analysis of 13 years\u2019 of demographic surveillance data from an urban African area; 2019 [submitted for publication].","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1351"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.03.004","article-title":"Fewer out-of-sequence vaccinations and reduction of child mortality in Northern Ghana","volume":"35","author":"Welaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.104","article-title":"No effect of an additional early dose of measles vaccine on hospitalization or mortality in children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Schoeps","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0165","unstructured":"Clipet-Jensen C, Andersen A, Jensen AKG, Aaby P, Zaman K. Out-of-sequence measles and DTP vaccinations. A re-analysis of demographic surveillance data from rural Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis; 2019 [in revision]."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013335","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013335","article-title":"Does oral polio vaccine have non-specific effects on all-cause mortality? Natural experiments within a randomised controlled trial of early measles vaccine","volume":"6","author":"Aaby","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix354","article-title":"Non-specific effects of oral polio vaccine on diarrheal burden and etiology among Bangladeshi children","volume":"65","author":"Upfill-Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0180","first-page":"247","article-title":"Increased female-male mortality ratio associated with inactivated polio and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines: observations from vaccination trials in Guinea-Bissau","volume":"26","author":"Aaby","year":"2007","journal-title":"PIDJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.470","article-title":"Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections","volume":"311","author":"S\u00f8rup","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000896","article-title":"Reduced all-cause child mortality after general measles vaccination campaign in Rural Guinea-Bissau","volume":"34","author":"Fisker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"Jan","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.049","article-title":"A general measles vaccination campaign in urban Guinea-Bissau: comparing child mortality among participants and non-participants","volume":"35","author":"Byberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw073","article-title":"Is diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) associated with increased female mortality? A meta-analysis testing the hypotheses of sex-differential non-specific effects of DTP vaccine","volume":"110","author":"Aaby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.07.012","article-title":"Co-administration of BCG and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccinations may reduce infant mortality more than the WHO-schedule of BCG first and then DTP. A re-analysis of demographic surveillance data from rural Bangladesh","volume":"22","author":"Aaby","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"Aug","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016","article-title":"Revaccination with live attenuated vaccines confer additional beneficial nonspecific effects on overall survival: a review","volume":"10","author":"Benn","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"}],"container-title":["Vaccine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X19314070?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X19314070?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T10:50:08Z","timestamp":1759402208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0264410X19314070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0264410X19314070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-410X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0264-410X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Stopping live vaccines after disease eradication may increase mortality","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Vaccine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.034","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}