{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:02:00Z","timestamp":1779296520484,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vaccine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T12:15:03Z","timestamp":1597925703000},"page":"6352-6356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["BCG vaccine may generate cross-reactive T cells against SARS-CoV-2: In silico analyses and a hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9680-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Tomita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tokunori","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuro","family":"Sakagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.007","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: status report","volume":"52","author":"Amanat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sala G, Miyakawa T. Association of BCG vaccination policy with prevalence and mortality of COVID-19. medRxiv preprint doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.30.20048165.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.30.20048165"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Fasciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y, Otazu GH. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. medRxiv preprint doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.24.20042937.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.24.20042937"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048724","article-title":"Immune response in children with COVID-19 is characterized by lower levels of T cell activation than infected adults","author":"Moratto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abd2071","article-title":"Phenotype and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Weiskopf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"1489\u20131501","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0030","article-title":"Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals","volume":"181","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0901-9","article-title":"Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"89\u2013100","key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0040","article-title":"BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity","volume":"23","author":"Arts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03371-3","article-title":"BCG vaccination policy and protection against COVID-19","author":"Meena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0325-9","article-title":"Could BCG be used to protect against COVID-19?","author":"Redelman-Sidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8189","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 rates in BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated young adults","author":"Hamiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012661","article-title":"Is BCG vaccination causally related to reduced COVID-19 mortality?","author":"Miyasaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31025-4","article-title":"Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Curtis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04389-w","volume":"21","author":"Ten Doesschate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0337-y","article-title":"BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19?","volume":"20","author":"O'Neill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26083","article-title":"The perplexing question of trained immunity versus adaptive memory in COVID-19","author":"Kerboua","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104527","article-title":"Immunological memory to viral infections","volume":"22","author":"Welsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001831","article-title":"Amino acid similarity accounts for T cell cross-reactivity and for \u201choles\u201d in the T cell repertoire","volume":"3","author":"Frankild","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200323480","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa antigen-specific T cells in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: association with disease activity and cross-reactivity to a peptide from HIVenv gp120","volume":"33","author":"Hohn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.143","article-title":"HLA variation and disease","volume":"18","author":"Dendrou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3360","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700893","article-title":"Improved peptide-MHC Class I interaction predictions integrating eluted ligand and peptide binding affinity data","volume":"199","author":"Jurtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0110","unstructured":"Fast E, Altman RB, Chen B. Potential T-cell and B-cell epitopes of 2019-nCoV, medRxiv preprint doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.02.19.9554841"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.10.058","article-title":"Commonly administered BCG strains including an evolutionarily early strain and evolutionarily late strains of disparate genealogy induce comparable protective immunity against tuberculosis","volume":"27","author":"Horwitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00171","article-title":"T cell responses to viral infections - opportunities for Peptide vaccination","volume":"5","author":"Rosendahl Huber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s10930-020-09901-4","article-title":"The proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2 or n-COV19), the cause of COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protein J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.10.041","article-title":"Persistent BCG bacilli perpetuate CD4 T effector memory and optimal protection against tuberculosis","volume":"32","author":"Kaveh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.67","article-title":"PO and ID BCG vaccination in humans induce distinct mucosal and systemic immune responses and CD4(+) T cell transcriptomal molecular signatures","volume":"11","author":"Hoft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"}],"container-title":["Vaccine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X20310860?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0264410X20310860?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T10:45:30Z","timestamp":1759401930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0264410X20310860"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"41","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0264410X20310860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-410X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0264-410X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"BCG vaccine may generate cross-reactive T cells against SARS-CoV-2: In silico analyses and a hypothesis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Vaccine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.045","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}