{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:28:49Z","timestamp":1790494129425,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":344,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T21:11:08Z","timestamp":1588194668000},"page":"110059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"special_numbering":"C","title":["In vitro characterization and immunogenicity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with native and inactivated extracellular proteins from a field strain of Clostridium perfringens associated with necrotic enteritis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Akerele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sankar","family":"Renu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gourapura J.","family":"Renukaradhya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Revathi","family":"Shanmugasundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh K.","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08140.x","article-title":"Molecular basis of toxicity of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin","volume":"278","author":"Bokori-Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1021\/mp200213r","article-title":"Mannose-functionalized \"pathogen-like\" polyanhydride nanoparticles target C-type lectin receptors on dendritic cells","volume":"8","author":"Carrillo-Conde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0015","article-title":"Zeta potential measurement","volume":"vol 697","author":"Clogston","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2005.12.003","article-title":"Potential strategies for controlling necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens in post-antibiotic era","volume":"129","author":"Dahiya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Animal Feed Science and Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00934","article-title":"Mucosal immunity and protective efficacy of intranasal inactivated influenza vaccine is improved by chitosan nanoparticle delivery in pigs","volume":"9","author":"Dhakal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00370-16","article-title":"Use of a toxin neutralization assay to characterize the serologic response to adenylate cyclase toxin after infection with bordetella pertussis","volume":"24","author":"Eby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey390","article-title":"Characterization of intestinal immune response to Clostridium perfringens infection in broiler chickens","volume":"98","author":"Fasina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poul. Sci."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.05.063","article-title":"Protection against avian necrotic enteritis after immunization with NetB genetic or formaldehyde toxoids","volume":"31","author":"Fernandes da Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00669-13","article-title":"Flagellin a toll-like receptor 5 agonist as an adjuvant in chicken vaccines","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34031","article-title":"Chitosan-based nanoparticles as a sustained protein release carrier for tissue engineering applications","volume":"100 A","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/589476","article-title":"Intranasal immunization with chitosan\/pCAGGS-flaA nanoparticles inhibits Campylobacter jejuni in a White Leghorn model","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0060","series-title":"Vaccination with Clostridium perfringens Recombinant Proteins in Combination with Montanide TM ISA 71 VG Adjuvant Increases Protection Against Experimental Necrotic Enteritis in Commercial Broiler Chickens Vaccine 30","first-page":"5401","author":"Jang","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040026","article-title":"new toxin that is associated with avian necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens","volume":"4","author":"Keyburn","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0070","first-page":"e413","article-title":"Statistical optimization of chitosan nanoparticles as protein vehicles, using response surface methodology","volume":"14","author":"Kiaie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01639.x","article-title":"Flagellar proteins and type III-exported virulence factors are the predominant proteins secreted into the culture media of Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"34","author":"Komoriya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00292-06","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens antigens recognized by broiler chickens immune to necrotic enteritis","volume":"13","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00162-07","article-title":"Immunization of broiler chickens against Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis","volume":"14","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.06.035","article-title":"Variable protection after vaccination of broiler chickens against necrotic enteritis using supernatants of different Clostridium perfringens strains","volume":"28","author":"Lanckriet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.056","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of chitosan derivatives with dual-antibacterial functional groups","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Bio. Macromol."},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.10.030","article-title":"Oral vaccination of broiler chickens against necrotic enteritis using a non-virulent NetB positive strain of Clostridium perfringens type A","volume":"35","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.939942","article-title":"Progress and problems in vaccination against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens","volume":"43","author":"Mot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1021\/mp060096p","article-title":"Type 1 and 2 immunity following vaccination is influenced by nanoparticle size: formulation of a model vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"4","author":"Mottram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114397","article-title":"Toxic potential of materials at the nano-level","volume":"311","author":"Nel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0120","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of polymeric nanoparticles on biocompatibility of carrier red blood cells","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/10717540590889781","article-title":"Chitosan-based particles as controlled drug delivery systems","volume":"12","author":"Prabaharan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-015-2175-z","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss powder on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and gut microflora and pH in broiler chicks","volume":"25","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2011.04.019","article-title":"Clinicopathological and immunological studies on toxoids vaccine as a successful alternative in controlling clostridial infection in broilers","volume":"17","author":"Saleh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00374-10","article-title":"Comparative proteomic analysis of extracellular proteins of Clostridium perfringens Type A and Type C Strains","volume":"78","author":"Sengupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-1779(11)70007-7","article-title":"Synthesis of a new chitosan derivative and assay of Escherichia coli adsorption","volume":"1","author":"Shang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev161","article-title":"Effect of Salmonella infection on cecal tonsil regulatory T cell properties in chickens","author":"Shanmugasundaram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0155","first-page":"1","article-title":"The successful experimental induction of necrotic enteritis in chickens by Clostridium perfringens: a critical review","volume":"43","author":"Shojadoost","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veter. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0160","first-page":"725","article-title":"Comparison of four methods of extracting DNA from D. Gallinae (Acari: dermanyssidae)","volume":"37","author":"Sophie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1021\/mp100255c","article-title":"Aerosolized PLA and PLGA nanoparticles enhance humoral, mucosal and cytokine responses to hepatitis B vaccine","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.10.015","article-title":"Live attenuated vaccine-based control of necrotic enteritis of broiler chickens","volume":"113","author":"Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197721","article-title":"Salmonella-vectored vaccine delivering three Clostridium perfringens antigens protects poultry against necrotic enteritis","volume":"14","author":"Wilde","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-010-0416-4","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-based E. Coli cytosine deaminase nanocomposite for potential application in prodrug enzyme therapy","volume":"33","author":"Yata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053314","article-title":"Preparation and efficacy of a live newcastle disease virus vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.11.069","article-title":"Nanoparticle vaccines","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccines"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165242720300854?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165242720300854?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T07:25:34Z","timestamp":1759044334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165242720300854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S0165242720300854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-2427"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-2427","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"In vitro characterization and immunogenicity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with native and inactivated extracellular proteins from a field strain of Clostridium perfringens associated with necrotic enteritis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110059","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110059"}}