{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:00:31Z","timestamp":1790694031407,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRIS project #5030-32000-229-000-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRIS project #5030-32000-229-000-D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:20:45Z","timestamp":1783603245000},"page":"111166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessment of interferon-\u03b3 response profiles after vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) as correlates of protection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"300","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9305-6307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shollie","family":"Falkenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohana P.","family":"Dassanayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellie J.","family":"Putz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Silvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren S.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola M.","family":"Boggiatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000873","article-title":"Proposed revision to the taxonomy of the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. General. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1045-1056(03)00030-7","article-title":"Economic impact of BVDV infection in dairies","volume":"31","author":"Houe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344453.ch1","article-title":"Introduction and history","author":"Deregt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bov. Viral Diarrhea Virus. Diagn. Manag. Control."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib4","first-page":"161","article-title":"Transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1b to susceptible and vaccinated calves by exposure to persistently infected calves","volume":"69","author":"Fulton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.21423\/bovine-vol51no2p153-156","article-title":"Clinical report: Detection and management of bovine viral diarrhea virus Type 1b in a large dairy herd","volume":"51","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bov. Pract. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2012.07.003","article-title":"Immunology of BVDV vaccines","volume":"41","author":"Ridpath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.685114","article-title":"Evaluation of Antigenic Comparisons Among BVDV Isolates as it Relates to Humoral and Cell Mediated Responses","volume":"8","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2012.09.009","article-title":"The impact of BVDV infection on adaptive immunity","volume":"41","author":"Chase","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.7.1179","article-title":"Induction of antigen-specific T-cell subset activation to bovine respiratory disease viruses by a modified-live virus vaccine","volume":"67","author":"Platt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.11.009","article-title":"Humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses to bivalent killed bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccine in beef cattle","volume":"122","author":"Platt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2017.03.003","article-title":"Comparison of humoral and T-cell-mediated immune responses to a single dose of Bovela\u00ae live double deleted BVDV vaccine or to a field BVDV strain","volume":"187","author":"Platt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.012","article-title":"Comparison of humoral and cellular immune responses to a pentavalent modified live virus vaccine in three age groups of calves with maternal antibodies, before and after BVDV type 2 challenge","volume":"27","author":"Platt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030703","article-title":"Response to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Heifers Vaccinated with a Combination of Multivalent Modified Live and Inactivated Viral Vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110024","article-title":"Measuring CMI responses using the PrimeFlow RNA assay: A new method of evaluating BVDV vaccination response in cattle","volume":"221","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.11.1166","article-title":"Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to bovine herpesvirus type 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves following administration of a killed-virus vaccine and bovine herpesvirus type 1 challenge","volume":"79","author":"Van Anne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.3.367","article-title":"Fetal protection in heifers vaccinated with a modified-live virus vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea virus subtypes 1a and 2a and exposed during gestation to cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 1b","volume":"72","author":"Leyh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.676710","article-title":"Enhanced detection of Mycobacterium bovis-specific T cells in experimentally-infected cattle","volume":"8","author":"Boggiatto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01944","article-title":"Enhancing the detection of Brucella-specific CD4+ T cell responses in cattle via in vitro antigenic expansion and restimulation","volume":"11","author":"Boggiatto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.08.002","article-title":"Shaping variation in the human immune system","volume":"37","author":"Liston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(03)00062-9","article-title":"Inter-and intra-individual variation in tests of cell-mediated immunity in young and old women","volume":"124","author":"Molls","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.3390\/v15102085","article-title":"Multivariate Analysis as a Method to Evaluate Antigenic Relationships between Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1b Isolates and Vaccine Strains","volume":"15","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040553","article-title":"Effects of Concurrent Administration of BVDV Modified Live Viral Vaccine and RB51 on Immune Responses in Cattle","volume":"17","author":"Crawford","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.07.010","article-title":"Multivariate analysis as a method to evaluate antigenic relationships between BVDV vaccine and field strains","volume":"38","author":"Mosena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-023-06410-2","article-title":"Multivariate analysis reveals that BVDV field isolates do not show a close VN-based antigenic relationship to US vaccine strains","volume":"16","author":"Mosena","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713518208","article-title":"Lack of evidence for the presence of emerging HoBi-like viruses in North American fetal bovine serum lots","volume":"26","author":"Bauermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879100300302","article-title":"Methods for detection and frequency of contamination of fetal calf serum with bovine viral diarrhea virus and antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"3","author":"Bolin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.06.755","article-title":"Assessment of protection from systemic infection or disease afforded by low to intermediate titers of passively acquired neutralizing antibody against bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves","volume":"56","author":"Bolin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00271-6","article-title":"Phylogenetic, antigenic and clinical characterization of type 2 BVDV from North America","volume":"77","author":"Ridpath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.012","article-title":"Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus transmission potential to na\u00efve calves by direct and indirect exposure routes","volume":"217","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1620","article-title":"Segregation of bovine viral diarrhea virus into genotypes","volume":"205","author":"Ridpath","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1006\/biol.1993.1079","article-title":"Difficulties in precise quantitation of CD4+ T lymphocytes for clinical trials: a review","volume":"21","author":"Fei","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(84)80075-3","article-title":"The use of three baseline values in intervention studies: Application to evaluation of immune modulation therapies","volume":"167","author":"Korn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib33","first-page":"144","article-title":"Sources of variability in repeated T-helper lymphocyte counts from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients: total lymphocyte count fluctuations and diurnal cycle are important","volume":"3","author":"Malone","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(83)80070-9","article-title":"The evaluation of serial measurements of the NK cell activity in man","volume":"165","author":"Porzsolt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.046","article-title":"Changes in circulating lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue associated with vaccination of colostrum deprived calves","volume":"38","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.04.005","article-title":"Comparison of reproductive protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus provided by multivalent viral vaccines containing inactivated fractions of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2","volume":"36","author":"Walz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165242726001066?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165242726001066?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:32:07Z","timestamp":1790692327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165242726001066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0165242726001066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-2427"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-2427","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessment of interferon-\u03b3 response profiles after vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) as correlates of protection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111166","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111166"}}