{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:00:01Z","timestamp":1790694001034,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-67015-36351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-67015-36351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:05:57Z","timestamp":1785510357000},"page":"111185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The equine mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) secretome modulates neutrophils and monocyte-derived macrophages and extracellular vesicles (EVs) impact macrophage viability"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"300","author":[{"given":"Aarthi","family":"Rajesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Harman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerlinde R.","family":"Van de Walle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.06.009","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell immunomodulation: mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2015.0532","article-title":"Increased paracrine immunomodulatory potential of mesenchymal stromal cells in three-dimensional culture","volume":"22","author":"Follin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part. B Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.07.002","article-title":"Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy","volume":"122","author":"Pattingre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001689","article-title":"Effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived paracrine signals and their delivery strategies","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.01.003","article-title":"Microbiology of equine wounds and evidence of bacterial biofilms","volume":"150","author":"Westgate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003053","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infection compromises wound healing by causing deficiencies in granulation tissue collagen","volume":"271","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/00008505-200110000-00002","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma (PRP): what is PRP and what is not PRP?","volume":"10","author":"Marx","year":"2001","journal-title":"Implant. Dent."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-02043-5","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of equine mesenchymal stromal cells from primary donor-matched tissue sources reveals functional heterogeneity in immune modulation and cell motility","volume":"11","author":"Harman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2024.06.007","article-title":"The mesenchymal stromal cell secretome promotes tissue regeneration and increases macrophage infiltration in acute and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected skin wounds in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Rajesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.14170","article-title":"Preliminary in vivo investigation of the mesenchymal stromal cell secretome as a novel treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in equine skin wounds","volume":"53","author":"Fahey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0333","article-title":"The mesenchymal stromal cell secretome impairs methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms via cysteine protease activity in the equine model","volume":"9","author":"Marx","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2019.05.001","article-title":"The Healing power of neutrophils","volume":"40","author":"Phillipson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01498","article-title":"Neutrophil functional heterogeneity: identification of competitive phagocytosis","volume":"8","author":"Hellebrekers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"5663","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1997.00212.x","article-title":"Langerhans' cells produce type IV collagenase (MMP-9) following epicutaneous stimulation with haptens","volume":"90","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000096","article-title":"How methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus evade neutrophil killing","volume":"22","author":"Greenlee-Wacker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081804","article-title":"Intracellular habitation of staphylococcus aureus: molecular mechanisms and prospects for antimicrobial therapy","volume":"10","author":"Hommes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02124-y","article-title":"Tissue macrophages: origin, heterogenity, biological functions, diseases and therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01452-1","article-title":"Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4040826","article-title":"Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Macrophages and the Immune Evasion Strategies of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"4","author":"Flannagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib21","article-title":"The Role of Macrophages in Staphylococcus aureus Infection","volume":"11","author":"Pidwill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib22","article-title":"Neutrophils in Tissue Injury and Repair: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5149","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00998-y","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells\/dental stem cells and their therapeutic applications","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib25","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of human mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2015.10.011","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells and immunomodulation: A gathering of regulatory immune cells","volume":"18","author":"Najar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00580-2","article-title":"Therapeutic and immunomodulatory potentials of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells and immune checkpoints related molecules","volume":"12","author":"Hazrati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04375-6","article-title":"Immunomodulatory interactions between mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells and immune cells in psoriasis: therapeutic potential and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Dashti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1270","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells improve survival during sepsis in the absence of heme oxygenase-1: the importance of neutrophils","volume":"31","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12266","article-title":"Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria","volume":"264","author":"Weiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.10.045","article-title":"M2 macrophage-derived exosomes promote lung adenocarcinoma progression by delivering miR-942","volume":"526","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2015.0403","article-title":"Equine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources Efficiently Differentiate into Hepatocyte-Like Cells","volume":"22","author":"Pennington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Engl. ) Tissue Eng. Part. C. -Me"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0037-x","article-title":"Microencapsulated equine mesenchymal stromal cells promote cutaneous wound healing in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Bussche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30727-6","article-title":"Rapid, single-step isolation of equine neutrophils on a discontinuous Percoll density gradient","volume":"42","author":"Pycock","year":"1987","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2010.07.003","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to equine CD14","volume":"138","author":"Kabithe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"81","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/50966-v","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived macrophage production","author":"Trouplin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282738","article-title":"Equine alveolar macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages respond differently to an inflammatory stimulus","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2022.110534","article-title":"Equine peripheral blood CD14(+) monocyte-derived macrophage in-vitro characteristics after GM-CSF pretreatment and LPS+IFN-gamma or IL-4+IL-10 differentiation","volume":"255","author":"Bowlby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2025.2593367","article-title":"Equine monocyte-derived macrophages revisited: isolation and comprehensive characterization of pro- versus anti-inflammatory polarisation","volume":"45","author":"Meeremans","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.06.007","article-title":"Remodeling of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niches Promotes Myeloid Cell Expansion during Premature or Physiological Aging","volume":"25","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2009.0091","article-title":"Temporal analysis of equine bone marrow aspirate during establishment of putative mesenchymal progenitor cell populations","volume":"19","author":"Radcliffe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.900453","article-title":"Withaferin A Inhibits Neutrophil Adhesion, Migration, and Respiratory Burst and Promotes Timely Neutrophil Apoptosis","volume":"9","author":"Bayless","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0610-6","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides secreted by equine mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit the growth of bacteria commonly found in skin wounds","volume":"8","author":"Harman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020979","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Equine Uterine Extracellular Vesicles: A Comparative Methodological Study","volume":"22","author":"Alminana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01084-9","article-title":"CD81-guided heterologous EVs present heterogeneous interactions with breast cancer cells","volume":"31","author":"Gurrieri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116000240","article-title":"The autophagy-related protein LC3 is processed in stallion spermatozoa during short-and long-term storage and the related stressful conditions","volume":"10","author":"Aparicio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.734229","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Macrophages: Sources and Targets","volume":"12","author":"Canton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstres.2024.06.001","article-title":"Mild heat shock at 40 \u00b0C increases levels of autophagy: Role of Nrf2","volume":"29","author":"Grondin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Stress. Chaperon-.-."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1089\/cell.2023.0019","article-title":"Transcriptomic Heterogeneity of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Bone Marrow, Dental Pulp, Adipose Tissue, and Umbilical Cord","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Reprogram"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106090","article-title":"Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells as a limiting factor in their clinical application to inflammatory bowel disease in dogs and cats","volume":"304","author":"Teshima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03587-y","article-title":"The heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells: an important issue to be addressed in cell therapy","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e409","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004244","article-title":"Expression of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Impacts Neutrophil Function During Sepsis","volume":"48","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03438-w","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells shift the pro-inflammatory phenotype of neutrophils to ameliorate acute lung injury","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1367432","article-title":"The mammosphere-derived epithelial cell secretome modulates neutrophil functions in the bovine model","volume":"15","author":"Harman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2019.109975","article-title":"Equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit reactive oxygen species production by neutrophils","volume":"221","author":"Espinosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017015578","article-title":"Differential antibacterial control by neutrophil subsets","volume":"2","author":"Leliefeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01930.x","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in neutrophil apoptosis following ingestion of heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"129","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00107-0","article-title":"Quantifying cellular oxidative stress by dichlorofluorescein assay using microplate reader","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1996.0379","article-title":"Modulatory role of nitric oxide on superoxide-dependent luminol chemiluminescence","volume":"333","author":"Castro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00083-2","article-title":"Evaluation of the probes 2\u2032,7\u2032-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, luminol, and lucigenin as indicators of reactive species formation","volume":"65","author":"Myhre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/07357900701788049","article-title":"Hematopoiesis capacity, immunomodulatory effect and ex vivo expansion potential of mesenchymal stem cells are not impaired by cryopreservation","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Invest."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1729","article-title":"Do cryopreserved mesenchymal stromal cells display impaired immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties?","volume":"32","author":"Moll","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2014.10.018","article-title":"Cryopreservation does not alter main characteristics of Good Manufacturing Process-grade human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells including immunomodulating potential and lack of malignant transformation","volume":"17","author":"Luetzkendorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-02136-7","article-title":"The impact of cryopreservation on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Bahsoun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.960909","article-title":"Comparison of EV-free fraction, EVs, and total secretome of amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells for their immunomodulatory potential: a translational perspective","volume":"13","author":"Papait","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2015.06.007","article-title":"The secretome of mesenchymal stromal cells: Role of extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation","volume":"168","author":"Bruno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2015.0348","article-title":"Equine amniotic microvesicles and their anti-inflammatory potential in a tenocyte model in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Lange-Consiglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.01.012","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle and soluble fractions of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells secretome induce inflammatory cytokines modulation in an in vitro model of discogenic pain","volume":"22","author":"Gonzalez-Cubero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38308","article-title":"Human Mesenchymal stem cells program macrophage plasticity by altering their metabolic status a PGE-dependent mechanism","volume":"6","author":"Vasandan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib70","first-page":"34","article-title":"Crosstalk between macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells shape patterns of osteogenesis and immunomodulation in mineralized collagen scaffolds","volume":"44","author":"Kolliopoulos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0891-z","article-title":"A circulating cell population showing both M1 and M2 monocyte\/macrophage surface markers characterizes systemic sclerosis patients with lung involvement","volume":"19","author":"Trombetta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01097","article-title":"Regulation of human macrophage M1-M2 polarization balance by hypoxia and the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1","volume":"8","author":"Raggi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183572","article-title":"Morphologic, phenotypic, and transcriptomic characterization of classically and alternatively activated canine blood-derived macrophages in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Heinrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2019.1683347","article-title":"The M2 macrophage marker CD206: a novel prognostic indicator for acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i7.825","article-title":"Bone marrow mononuclear cells for joint therapy: The role of macrophages in inflammation resolution and tissue repair","volume":"13","author":"Menarim","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13341","article-title":"The equine mononuclear phagocyte system: The relevance of the horse as a model for understanding human innate immunity","volume":"53","author":"Karagianni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(98)00119-6","article-title":"Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding bovine macrophage colony-stimulating factor (bM-CSF) and expression of recombinant bM-CSF using baculovirus","volume":"63","author":"Yoshihara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.09.220","article-title":"Intracellular glutathione status regulates mouse bone marrow monocyte-derived macrophage differentiation and phagocytic activity","volume":"325","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2013.07.003","article-title":"The equine alveolar macrophage: functional and phenotypic comparisons with peritoneal macrophages","volume":"155","author":"Karagianni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2627-5_8","article-title":"LC3-II tagging and western blotting for monitoring autophagic activity in mammalian cells","volume":"1303","author":"Streeter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"5698","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103966","article-title":"Autophagy defends cells against invading group A Streptococcus","volume":"306","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.02.011","article-title":"Influences of age and sex on leukocytes of healthy horses and their ex vivo cytokine release","volume":"165","author":"Schnabel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.1999.0349","article-title":"Effect of single bouts of moderate and high intensity exercise and training on equine peripheral blood neutrophil function","volume":"68","author":"Raidal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3727\/096368915X689622","article-title":"Clinical trials with mesenchymal stem cells: an update","volume":"25","author":"Squillaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Transplant."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016524272600125X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016524272600125X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:31:29Z","timestamp":1790692289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S016524272600125X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["S016524272600125X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-2427"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-2427","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The equine mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) secretome modulates neutrophils and monocyte-derived macrophages and extracellular vesicles (EVs) impact macrophage viability","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetimm.2026.111185","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111185"}}