{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T03:49:21Z","timestamp":1792900161844,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]],"date-time":"2006-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,29]],"date-time":"2005-11-29T12:45:31Z","timestamp":1133268331000},"page":"151-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["The pathogenesis and pathology of bovine tuberculosis with insights from studies of tuberculosis in humans and laboratory animal models"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"J.P.","family":"Cassidy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib1","first-page":"101","article-title":"The structure of mononuclear phagocytes differentiating in vivo. II The effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"80","author":"Adams","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib2","first-page":"164","article-title":"The granulomatous inflammatory response, a review","volume":"84","author":"Adams","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.109.1.8","article-title":"Macrophage accumulation, division, maturation and digestive and microbicidal capacities in tuberculous lesions","volume":"109","author":"Ando","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.9.3381-3387.1995","article-title":"Susceptibility of Beige mice to Mycobacterium avium: role of neutrophils","volume":"63","author":"Appelberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01832.x","article-title":"Immunological and pathological comparative analysis between experimental latent tuberculous infection and progressive pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"128","author":"Arriaga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0310OC","article-title":"Apoptosis genes in human alveolar macrophages infected with virulent or attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a pivotal role for tumor necrosis factor","volume":"29","author":"Avrum Spira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(94)90002-7","article-title":"Pathogenesis of tuberculosis: pathway to apical localization","volume":"75","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.6.3504","article-title":"Structural deficiencies in granuloma formation in TNF gene-targeted mice underlie the heightened susceptibility to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is not compensated for by lymphotoxin","volume":"162","author":"Bean","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711590409","article-title":"Histometric studies on biopsies of tuberculin skin tests showing evidence of ischaemia and necrosis","volume":"159","author":"Beck","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6954","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6954-6961.2000","article-title":"Immunopathologic effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha in murine mycobacterial infection are dose dependent","volume":"68","author":"Bekker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.6.985","article-title":"Capacity of human neutrophils to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"156","author":"Brown","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib12","first-page":"497","article-title":"Cytokine expression in lymph nodes infected with Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"34","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80131-4","article-title":"Tuberculosis in domesticated deer (Cervus elaphus): a large animal model for human tuberculosis","volume":"103","author":"Buchan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1994.35814","article-title":"Experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle: effect of dose of M. bovis and pregnancy on immune response and distribution of lesions","volume":"42","author":"Buddle","year":"1994","journal-title":"NZ Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(98)80069-8","article-title":"Early lesion formation in cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"119","author":"Cassidy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.144.6.139","article-title":"Tonsillar lesions in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"144","author":"Cassidy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1999.0330","article-title":"Lesions in cattle exposed to Mycobacterium bovis-inoculated calves","volume":"121","author":"Cassidy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2000.0427","article-title":"Lymphocyte subsets in experimentally induced early-stage bovine tuberculous lesions","volume":"124","author":"Cassidy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.3.306","article-title":"Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its components on macrophages and the release of matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1983.tb02643.x","article-title":"A review, the bovine tubercle bacillus","volume":"55","author":"Collins","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib21","first-page":"8","article-title":"Epidemiology of tuberculosis","volume":"125","author":"Comstock","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4776","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.11.4776-4787.1996","article-title":"Cavitary tuberculosis produced in rabbits by aerosolized virulent tubercle bacilli","volume":"64","author":"Converse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(94)90046-9","article-title":"Post mortem diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle","volume":"40","author":"Corner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib24","series-title":"Eradication of bovine tuberculosis from Australia: Key management and technical aspects","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.40.11.1314","article-title":"Cell death in granulomata: the role of apoptosis","volume":"40","author":"Cree","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib26","series-title":"Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections","first-page":"17","article-title":"Pathophysiology: basic aspects","author":"Dannenberg","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib27","first-page":"257","article-title":"Liquefaction of caseous foci in tuberculosis","volume":"113","author":"Dannenberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib28","series-title":"Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control","first-page":"459","article-title":"Pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis: an interplay of tissue-damaging and macrophage-activating immune responses\u2014dual mechanisms that control bacillary multiplication","author":"Dannenberg","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1999.00755.x","article-title":"Apoptosis of Th1-like cells in experimental tuberculosis (TB)","volume":"115","author":"Das","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(200005)30:5<1512::AID-IMMU1512>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Vgamma9\/Vdelta2 T lymphocytes reduce the viability of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"30","author":"Dieli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in health-care settings, with special focus on HIV-related","volume":"7","author":"Dooley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib32","series-title":"Pathology Of Domestic Animals","first-page":"641","article-title":"The respiratory system","author":"Dungworth","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH664>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Apoptosis of macrophages and T cells in tuberculosis associated caseous necrosis","volume":"191","author":"Fayyazi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.2827-2836.2000","article-title":"In situ production of gamma interferon, interleukin-4, and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA in human lung tuberculous granulomas","volume":"68","author":"Fenhalls","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2002.01378.x","article-title":"Distribution of IFN-\u03b3, IL-4 and TNF-\u03b1 protein and CD8 T cells producing IL-12p40 mRNA in human lung tuberculous granulomas","volume":"105","author":"Fenhalls","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.8.2567-2572.1991","article-title":"Effect of mycobacteria on sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor","volume":"59","author":"Filley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib37","series-title":"Bovine Tuberculosis","author":"Francis","year":"1947"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.9.4320","article-title":"Programmed cell death of Mycobacterium avium serovar 4-infected human macrophages prevents the mycobacteria from spreading and induces mycobacterial growth inhibition by freshly added, uninfected macrophages","volume":"158","author":"Fratazzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib39","unstructured":"Gallagher, J., 1980. The role of other animals in the epidemiology of TB in the badger. In: Badgers, Cattle and Tuberculosis. Report to the Right Honourable Peter Walker (Minister), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, HMSO, London, pp. 86\u201398."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib40","first-page":"228","article-title":"The role of cattle-to-cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in cattle in the Republic of Ireland: a review","volume":"48","author":"Griffin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4263","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.11.4263-4265.1991","article-title":"Kinetics of accumulation of gamma delta receptor-bearing T lymphocytes in mice infected with live mycobacteria","volume":"59","author":"Griffin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.2121-2127.2002","article-title":"Upregulation of thymosin \u03b2-10 by Mycobacterium bovis infection of bovine macrophages is associated with apoptosis","volume":"70","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Pabello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib43","first-page":"591","article-title":"The role of TNF-alpha in T-cell-mediated inflammation depends on the Th1\/Th2 cytokine balance","volume":"82","author":"Hernandez-Pando","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03493-0","article-title":"Persistence of DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in superficially normal lung tissue during latent infection","volume":"356","author":"Hernandez-Pando","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(96)90000-3","article-title":"Tuberculosis without tubercles","volume":"77","author":"Horsburg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1999.00791.x","article-title":"Reactivation of tuberculosis is associated with a shift from type-1 to type 2 cytokines","volume":"115","author":"Howard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100138137","article-title":"Laryngeal tuberculosis at the end of the 20th century","volume":"111","author":"Kandiloros","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7099","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.12.7099-7108.2003","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth at the cavity surface: a microenvironment with failed immunity","volume":"71","author":"Kaplan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.1.298-304.1997","article-title":"Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes human alveolar macrophage apoptosis","volume":"65","author":"Keane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.4.2016","article-title":"Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains evade apoptosis of infected alveolar macrophages","volume":"164","author":"Keane","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90676-4","article-title":"The inducing role of tumor necrosis factor in the development of bactericidal granulomas during BCG infection","volume":"56","author":"Kindler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4591","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4591-4599.2002","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human neutrophils","volume":"70","author":"Kisich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib53","unstructured":"Krebs, J., Anderson, R., Clutton-Brock, T., Morrison, I., Young, D., Donnelly, C., 1997. Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle and Badgers. Report to the Right Honourable Dr. Jack Cunningham (Minister), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, MAFF Publications, London."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215011908487","article-title":"Epidemiological considerations and clinical features of ENT tuberculosis","volume":"115","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.8.2629","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor can induce both apoptic and necrotic forms of cell lysis","volume":"141","author":"Laster","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib56","first-page":"369","article-title":"The effect of inoculum size on the immune response to B.C.G. infection in mice","volume":"21","author":"Lefford","year":"1971","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1973.tb05226.x","article-title":"The route of infection in tuberculosis of beef cattle","volume":"49","author":"Lepper","year":"1973","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1997.35983","article-title":"Natural infection of red deer with bovine tuberculosis","volume":"45","author":"Lugton","year":"1997","journal-title":"NZ Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.104.5.737","article-title":"Fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mouse tissues as determined by the microbial enumeration technique. I. The persistence of drug-susceptible tubercle bacilli in the tissues despite prolonged antimicrobial therapy","volume":"104","author":"McCune","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.118.26.718","article-title":"Pulmonary lesions and Mycobacterium bovis excretion from the respiratory tract of tuberculin reacting cattle","volume":"118","author":"McIlroy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib61","series-title":"Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control","first-page":"135","article-title":"Guinea pig model of tuberculosis","author":"McMurray","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib62","first-page":"283","article-title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis in cattle","volume":"41","author":"Medlar","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Tuberc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1847-1855.2001","article-title":"Effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha on host immune response in chronic persistent tuberculosis: possible role for limiting pathology","volume":"69","author":"Mohan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.4.1499","article-title":"Apoptosis, but not necrosis, of infected monocytes is coupled with killing of intracellular bacillus Calmette-Guerin","volume":"180","author":"Molloy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib65","unstructured":"Monaghan, M.L., Collins, J.D., McGill, K., Kelly, A., Fitzsimmons, T.A., 1997. A longitudinal study of cattle found positive to the interferon-\u03b3 assay for Mycobacterium bovis infection: preliminary findings. In: Tuberculosis Investigation Unit Selected Papers, University College Dublin, 59\u201360."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib66","first-page":"229","article-title":"A pilot trial to evaluate the \u03b3-interferon assay for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle under Irish conditions","volume":"50","author":"Monaghan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.2100-2107.2002","article-title":"Mycobacterial antigens exacerbate disease manifestations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice","volume":"70","author":"Moreira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(94)90053-1","article-title":"The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections","volume":"40","author":"Morris","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib69","first-page":"236","article-title":"Pathogenesis and diagnosis of infections with Mycobacterium bovis in cattle","volume":"146","author":"Morrison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib70","first-page":"366","article-title":"Defining the requirements for immunological control of mycobacterial infections","volume":"7","author":"Murray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trend. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.123.13.340","article-title":"Excretion of Mycobacterium bovis by experimentally infected cattle","volume":"123","author":"Neill","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.124.11.269","article-title":"Transmission of tuberculosis from experimentally infected cattle to in-contact calves","volume":"124","author":"Neill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib73","unstructured":"Neill, S.D., Hanna, J., Pollock, J.M., Mackie, D.P., Cassidy, J., Clements, A., Bryson, D.B., 1994. The diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis by blood testing. In: Thrusfield, M.V. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, April 1994, Edinburgh, pp. 1\u20138."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(94)90045-0","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle","volume":"40","author":"Neill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(95)90591-X","article-title":"The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in animals and man: a review","volume":"76","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01209-8","article-title":"The immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis: a new working hypothesis","volume":"6","author":"Orme","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trend. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib77","first-page":"589","article-title":"The latent tuberculosis bacillus (I\u2019ll let you know if I ever meet one)","volume":"5","author":"Orme","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01438-8","article-title":"Cytokine\/chemokine cascades in immunity to tuberculosis","volume":"20","author":"Orme","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711060104","article-title":"The ultrastructure of high- and low-turnover inflammatory granulomata","volume":"106","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01216-5","article-title":"Mechanisms of latency in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Parrish","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trend. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199701)181:1<31::AID-PATH722>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Apoptosis of human monocytes\/macrophages in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"181","author":"Placido","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2001.0655","article-title":"Mycobacterium bovis infection and tuberculosis in cattle","volume":"163","author":"Pollock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.5579","article-title":"Unopposed matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in human tuberculous granuloma and the role of TNF-\u03b1-dependent monocyte networks","volume":"171","author":"Price","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib84","first-page":"39","article-title":"Laryngeal tuberculosis: presentation of 16 cases and review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Ramadan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.97.1.61","article-title":"Tuberculosis induced by droplet nuclei infection","volume":"97","author":"Ratcliffe","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(97)90016-2","article-title":"Progression of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in mice aerogenically infected with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"78","author":"Rhoades","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tuber. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879200400411","article-title":"Gross and microscopic lesions of naturally occurring tuberculosis in a captive herd of wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in Colorado","volume":"4","author":"Rhyan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib88","series-title":"Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections","first-page":"154","article-title":"Upper respiratory tract tuberculosis","author":"Rohwedder","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.50.1.259","article-title":"The pathogenesis of tuberculosis","volume":"50","author":"Rook","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1710990208","article-title":"Natural selection of long-lived macrophages in experimental granulomata","volume":"99","author":"Ryan","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2000.00933.x","article-title":"Restraining mycobacteria: role of granulomas in mycobacterial infections","volume":"78","author":"Saunders","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.3.347","article-title":"Depletion of CD4+ T cells causes reactivation of murine persistent tuberculosis despite continued expression of interferon gamma and nitric oxide synthase 2","volume":"192","author":"Scanga","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(03)00054-6","article-title":"Chemokines and tuberculosis","volume":"14","author":"Scott-Algood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1086\/315200","article-title":"Type 2 cytokine gene activation and its relationship to extent of disease in patients with tuberculosis","volume":"181","author":"Seah","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.3.1230","article-title":"IL-4 influences apoptosis of mycobacterium-reactive lymphocytes in the presence of TNF-\u03b1","volume":"167","author":"Seah","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.9.4901-4907.2003","article-title":"A DNA prime-Mycobacterium bovis BCG boost vaccination strategy for cattle induces protection against bovine tuberculosis","volume":"71","author":"Skinner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1997.00384.x","article-title":"T-cell-independent granuloma formation in response to Mycobacterium avium: role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma","volume":"92","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_2.S385","article-title":"What animal models can teach us about the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in humans","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib99","first-page":"33","article-title":"The macrophage: its origin and role in pathology","volume":"4","author":"Spector","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pathobiol. Ann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.2192-2198.2003","article-title":"Pulmonary necrosis resulting from DNA vaccination against tuberculosis","volume":"71","author":"Taylor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib101","first-page":"339","article-title":"Tuberculosis in a captive deer herd","volume":"26","author":"Towar","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib102","first-page":"69","article-title":"Fifteen year follow-up of the Indian BCG prevention trial","volume":"62","author":"Tripathy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Union Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1706-1709.2000","article-title":"Effective preexposure tuberculosis vaccines fail to protect when they are given in an immunotherapeutic mode","volume":"68","author":"Turner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6343","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.11.6343","article-title":"In vivo IL-10 production reactivates chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"169","author":"Turner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.2.864-871.2003","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of pulmonary granulomas in the guinea pig after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"71","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1086\/315325","article-title":"Increased production of interleukin 4 by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients with tuberculosis is related to the presence of pulmonary cavities","volume":"181","author":"Van Crevel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200012)30:12<3689::AID-IMMU3689>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Control of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is dependent on CD8 T cells","volume":"30","author":"Van Pinxteren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.10.040192.002211","article-title":"The pathophysiology of tumour necrosis factors","volume":"10","author":"Vassali","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4297-4303.2003","article-title":"Investigation of the role of CD8+ T cells in bovine tuberculosis in vivo","volume":"71","author":"Villarreal-Ramos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(200002)190:2<211::AID-PATH530>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Apoptosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice exhibiting varied immunopathology","volume":"190","author":"Watson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.6.2062-2069.1996","article-title":"In vitro model for sequential study of shiftdown of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through two stages of non-replicating persistence","volume":"64","author":"Wayne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.02003.x","article-title":"Influence of pathological progression on the balance between cellular and humoral immune responses in bovine tuberculosis","volume":"114","author":"Welsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879600800312","article-title":"Distribution of lesions in cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"8","author":"Whipple","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.41.664","article-title":"Tonsillar tuberculosis associated with pulmonary and laryngeal foci","volume":"41","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113505003895?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113505003895?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T17:10:52Z","timestamp":1683306652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378113505003895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378113505003895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.031","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-1135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-1135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}}}