{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:02:10Z","timestamp":1792839730042,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,9]],"date-time":"2009-08-09T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1249791632000},"page":"297-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":631,"title":["Q fever"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Angelakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.40.3.1155-1162.1983","article-title":"Lysosomal response of a murine macrophage-like cell line persistently infected with Coxiella burnetii","volume":"40","author":"Akporiaye","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4740","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)61258-X","article-title":"Structure and biological relationships of Coxiella burnetii lipopolysaccharides","volume":"262","author":"Amano","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005010","article-title":"Is Q fever an emerging or re-emerging zoonosis?","volume":"36","author":"Arricau-Bouvery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib4","first-page":"82","article-title":"Q fever. A zoonosis","volume":"5","author":"Babudieri","year":"1959","journal-title":"Adv. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.33.1.258-266.1981","article-title":"Fate of phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii in several macrophage-like tumor cell lines","volume":"33","author":"Baca","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.47.2.366-369.1985","article-title":"Cell cycle distribution patterns and generation times of L929 fibroblast cells persistently infected with Coxiella burnetii","volume":"47","author":"Baca","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb53545.x","article-title":"Pore-forming activity of Coxiella burnetii outer membrane protein oligomer comprised of 29.5- and 31-kDa polypeptides. Inhibition of porin activity by monoclonal antibodies 4E8 and 4D6","volume":"791","author":"Banerjee-Bhatnagar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2307\/4591908","article-title":"Serologic analysis of a penitentiary group using raw milk from a Q fever infected herd","volume":"78","author":"Benson","year":"1963","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.6.693","article-title":"Neurological involvement in acute Q fever. A report of 29 cases and review of the literature","volume":"162","author":"Bernit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2006.11.001","article-title":"Goats may experience reproductive failures and shed Coxiella burnetii at two successive parturitions after a Q fever infection","volume":"83","author":"Berri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib11","first-page":"153","article-title":"PCR-based detection of Coxiella burnetii from clinical samples","volume":"216","author":"Berri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0357-6","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii infection of aortic aneurysms or vascular grafts. Report of 30 new cases and evaluation of outcome","volume":"26","author":"Botelho-Nevers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2003.07.007","article-title":"Evaluation of antibiotic susceptibilities against Coxiella burnetii by real time PCR","volume":"23","author":"Boulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1869-1874.2003","article-title":"Evaluation of Coxiella burnetii antibiotic susceptibilities by real-time PCR assay","volume":"41","author":"Brennan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib15","first-page":"496","article-title":"Selection of chlortetracycline-resistant strain of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"19","author":"Brezina","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00054.x","article-title":"New insight into the diagnosis of fastidious bacterial endocarditis","volume":"47","author":"Brouqui","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1937.tb43744.x","article-title":"Experimental studies on the virus of \u201cQ\u201d fever","volume":"2","author":"Burnet","year":"1937","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.21.2.556-566.1978","article-title":"Some ultrastructural effects of persistent infections by the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii in mouse L cells and green monkey kidney (Vero) cells","volume":"21","author":"Burton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6078","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.11.6078","article-title":"Subversion of monocyte functions by Coxiella burnetii impairment of the cross-talk between avb3 integrin and CR3","volume":"163","author":"Capo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.8.4217","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii avoids macrophage phagocytosis by interfering with spatial distribution of complement receptor 3","volume":"170","author":"Capo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1086\/520661","article-title":"Managing Q fever during pregnancy the benefits of long-term cotrimoxazole therapy","volume":"45","author":"Carcopino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1071\/NB07057","article-title":"A review of the efficacy of human Q fever vaccine registered in Australia","volume":"18","author":"Chiu","year":"2007","journal-title":"N.S.W. Public Health Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1937.tb43743.x","article-title":"Q fever, a new fever entity clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigation","volume":"2","author":"Derrick","year":"1937","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1973.tb110910.x","article-title":"The course of infection with Coxiella burnetii","volume":"1","author":"Derrick","year":"1973","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1950.02910390020006","article-title":"Q fever transmission from one human being to others","volume":"143","author":"Deutch","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib26","first-page":"949","article-title":"Incidence of Q fever in Valais","volume":"105","author":"Dupuis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Suisse Romande"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Editorial, 1950. Editorial: experimental Q fever in man. Br. Med. J. 1, 1000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-0785(50)80061-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1086\/321889","article-title":"Risks factors and prevention of Q fever endocarditis","volume":"33","author":"Fenollar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4919","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.4919-4924.2004","article-title":"Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in the sera of patients with Q fever endocarditis or vascular infection","volume":"42","author":"Fenollar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2004.apm11211-1206.x","article-title":"Molecular genetic methods for the diagnosis of fastidious microorganisms","volume":"112","author":"Fenollar","year":"2004","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.06.024","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of bloodstream infections caused by non-cultivable bacteria","volume":"30","author":"Fenollar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.35","article-title":"A cluster of Coxiella burnetti infections associated with exposure to vaccinated goats and their unpasteurized dairy products","volume":"47","author":"Fishbein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1086\/320159","article-title":"Myocarditis, a rare but severe manifestation of Q fever report of 8 cases and review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Fournier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.1823-1834.1998","article-title":"Diagnosis of Q fever","volume":"36","author":"Fournier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4065\/79.2.253","article-title":"Q fever endocarditis in the United States","volume":"79","author":"Gami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1070136","article-title":"Q-fieber Epidemie in einem Institut f\u00f3r Humanpathologie","volume":"107","author":"Gerth","year":"1982","journal-title":"Deut. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4488","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.8.4488","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii survival in THP-1 monocytes involves the impairment of phagosome maturation. IFN-gamma mediates its restoration and bacterial killing","volume":"169","author":"Ghigo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1086\/425041","article-title":"Link between impaired maturation of phagosomes and defective Coxiella burnetii killing in patients with chronic Q fever","volume":"190","author":"Ghigo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3644","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.12.3644-3646.2001","article-title":"Newer macrolides as empiric treatment for acute Q fever infection","volume":"45","author":"Gikas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/139.2.191","article-title":"Cynomolgus monkey model for experimental Q fever infection","volume":"139","author":"Gonder","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.5.3240","article-title":"Biochemical stratagem for obligate parasitism of eukaryotic cells by Coxiella burnetii","volume":"78","author":"Hackstadt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(49)91600-1","article-title":"Q fever in Great Britain; clinical account of eight cases","volume":"2","author":"Harman","year":"1949","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib43","first-page":"17","article-title":"Caprine-associated Q fever in Newfoundland","volume":"26","author":"Hatchette","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. Commun. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0705.010504","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of Q fever in Germany, 1947\u20131999","volume":"7","author":"Hellenbrand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.6.3695","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide from Coxiella burnetii is involved in bacterial phagocytosis, filamentous actin reorganization, and inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"172","author":"Honstettre","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.17.5540-5548.1992","article-title":"A Coxiella burnetii repeated DNA element resembling a bacterial insertion sequence","volume":"174","author":"Hoover","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4747-4749.2002","article-title":"Phase variation analysis of Coxiella burnetii during serial passage in cell culture by use of monoclonal antibodies","volume":"70","author":"Hotta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E28","DOI":"10.1086\/338873","article-title":"Changing clinical presentation of Q fever endocarditis","volume":"34","author":"Houpikian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1951.02920230025005","article-title":"Q fever studies in Southern California. Summary of current results and a discussion of possible control measures","volume":"145","author":"Huebner","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(66)90085-4","article-title":"Laboratory acquired Q fever. A report of fifty cases","volume":"41","author":"Johnson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02365-05","article-title":"Chronic Q fever in the United States","volume":"44","author":"Karakousis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib52","series-title":"Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases","first-page":"353","article-title":"Q fever","author":"Kazar","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib53","first-page":"21","article-title":"Q fever in Zimbabwe","volume":"83","author":"Kelly","year":"1993","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.1031","article-title":"An update on a serologic survey of Q Fever in domestic animals in Iran","volume":"80","author":"Khalili","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-2","article-title":"Highly sensitive real-time PCR for specific detection and quantification of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"6","author":"Klee","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.6.1283","article-title":"Cellular immunity in Q fever. Specific lymphocyte unresponsiveness in Q fever endocarditis","volume":"152","author":"Koster","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib57","first-page":"193","article-title":"Q fever\u2014still a query and underestimated infectious disease","volume":"46","author":"Kovacova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib58","first-page":"365","article-title":"Suitability of various Coxiella burnetii antigen preparations for detection of serum antibodies by various tests","volume":"42","author":"Kovacova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1970.10667193","article-title":"Q fever in Milwaukee. II. Consumption of infected raw milk by human volunteers","volume":"21","author":"Krumbiegel","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(97)90210-1","article-title":"Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from bull semen","volume":"62","author":"Kruszewska","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4188","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.10.4188-4195.1993","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii penetration into the reproductive system of male mice, promoting sexual transmission of infection","volume":"61","author":"Kruszewska","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.6.2443-2447.1997","article-title":"Pathologic changes during acute Q fever. Influence of the route of infection and inoculum size in infected guinea pigs","volume":"1","author":"La Scola","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1086\/515401","article-title":"From acute Q fever to endocarditis. Serological follow-up strategy","volume":"44","author":"Landais","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib64","first-page":"37","article-title":"Serosurvey of Coxiella burnetii infection in dairy goat herds in Ontario","volume":"52","author":"Lang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib65","series-title":"Q Fever, the Disease","first-page":"23","article-title":"Coxiellosis (Q fever) in animals","author":"Lang","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1086\/380798","article-title":"Effect of sex on Coxiella burnetii infection. Protective role of 17beta-estradiol","volume":"189","author":"Leone","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1086\/504438","article-title":"Autoimmunohistochemistry. A new method for the histologic diagnosis of infective endocarditis","volume":"193","author":"Lepidi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.92.4.756","article-title":"Q fever inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung","volume":"92","author":"Lipton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib69","first-page":"60","article-title":"Q fever in a patient with a ventriculo-peritoneal drain. Case report and short review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Lohuis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Netherlands J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00145669","article-title":"Genetics of Rickettsiae","volume":"7","author":"Mallavia","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00440-1","article-title":"Q fever in children","volume":"2","author":"Maltezou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib72","first-page":"117","article-title":"The isolation of Coxiella burnetii from Rhipicephalus sanguineus on naturally infected dogs","volume":"122","author":"Mantovani","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400044375","article-title":"Q fever in Great Britain\u2014epidemiological information from a serological survey of healthy adults in Kent ans East Anglia","volume":"54","author":"Marmion","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.197","article-title":"Centrifugation-shell vial technique for rapid detection of Mediterranean spotted fever rickettsia in blood culture","volume":"40","author":"Marrero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/00019048-199305000-00011","article-title":"Q fever in pregnancy. Report of two cases","volume":"2","author":"Marrie","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrie, T.J., 2007. Epidemiology of Q fever. Rickettsial diseases. 281\u2013289.","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420019971.020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800029757","article-title":"Truckin pneumonia\u2014an outbreak of Q fever in a truck repair plant probably due to aerosols from clothing contaminated by contact with newborn kittens","volume":"102","author":"Marrie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib78","first-page":"97","article-title":"Update on Q fever, including Q fever endocarditis","volume":"22","author":"Marrie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Top. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.2.484","article-title":"Route of infection determines the clinical manifestations of acute Q fever","volume":"173","author":"Marrie","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.94.4.896-a","article-title":"Liver involvement in acute Q fever","volume":"94","author":"Marrie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.5.1097","article-title":"Phagolysosomal alkalinization an the bactericidal effect of antibiotics. The Coxiella burnetii paradigm","volume":"166","author":"Maurin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.12.2633","article-title":"In vitro susceptibilities of spotted fever group rickettsiae and Coxiella burnetii to clarithromycin","volume":"37","author":"Maurin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","article-title":"Q fever","volume":"12","author":"Maurin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib84","series-title":"Q fever. Volume I. The Disease","first-page":"5","article-title":"Historical aspects of Q fever","author":"McDade","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1089\/15303660260613747","article-title":"Q fever in humans and animals in the United States","volume":"2","author":"McQuiston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2520-2526.2001","article-title":"Activation of protein tyrosine kinases by Coxiella burnetii. Role in actin cytoskeleton reorganization and bacterial phagocytosis","volume":"69","author":"Meconi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5527","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.11.5527-5533.1998","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii induces reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in human monocytes","volume":"66","author":"Meconi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mege, J.L., 2007. Immune Response to Q fever. Rickettsial Diseases. 271\u2013281.","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420019971.019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertens, K., Samuel, J.E., 2007. Bacteriology of Coxiella: Rickettsial diseases. 257\u2013270.","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420019971.018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1086\/321878","article-title":"Sexually transmitted Q fever","volume":"33","author":"Milazzo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.870","article-title":"Sequence of the quinolone resistance-determining region of the GYRA gene for clinical isolates and for a stepwise-selected quinolone resistant of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"40","author":"Musso","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1086\/424014","article-title":"Three cases of Q fever osteomyelitis in children and a review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Nourse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2307\/4586402","article-title":"Comments on the name of the Q fever organism","volume":"63","author":"Philip","year":"1948","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-006-0170-7","article-title":"Epidemiological study of Q fever in humans, ruminant animals, and ticks in Cyprus using a geographical information system","volume":"25","author":"Psaroulaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.9.1733","article-title":"Treatment of Q fever","volume":"37","author":"Raoult","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.8.1512","article-title":"Bactericidal effect of Doxycycline associated with lysosomotropic agents on Coxiella burnetii in P388D1 cells","volume":"34","author":"Raoult","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.3.570","article-title":"Q fever endocarditis in the south of France","volume":"155","author":"Raoult","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.6.701","article-title":"Q fever during pregnancy. Diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up","volume":"162","author":"Raoult","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.2.167","article-title":"Treatment of Q fever endocarditis: comparison of two regimens containing doxycycline and ofloxacin or hydroxychloroquine","volume":"159","author":"Raoult","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/101.3.318","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to Coxiella burnetii for antigenic detection in cell cultures and in paraffin embedded tissues","volume":"101","author":"Raoult","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb42206.x","article-title":"Chronic Q fever. Diagnosis and follow up","volume":"590","author":"Raoult","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70052-9","article-title":"Natural history and pathophysiology of Q fever","volume":"5","author":"Raoult","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200003000-00005","article-title":"Q fever 1985\u20131998\u2014clinical and epidemiologic features of 1383 infections","volume":"79","author":"Raoult","year":"2000","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.10.2070","article-title":"Shell-vial assay. Evaluation of a new technique for determining antibiotic susceptibility, tested in 13 isolates of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"35","author":"Raoult","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolain, J.M., 2007. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Rickettsial agents: Rickettsial diseases. 361\u2013369.","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420019971.026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.2673-2676.2005","article-title":"Correlation between ratio of serum doxycycline concentration to MIC and rapid decline of antibody levels during treatment of Q fever endocarditis","volume":"49","author":"Rolain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1355.039","article-title":"Activity of telithromycin against thirteen new isolates of C. burnetii including three resistant to doxycycline","volume":"1063","author":"Rolain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1086\/379082","article-title":"Correlation between serum levels of doxycycline and serology evolution in patients treated for Coxiella burnetii endocarditis","volume":"9","author":"Rolain","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib109","first-page":"1415","article-title":"A proposed model to explain persistent infection of host cells with Coxiella burnetii","volume":"132","author":"Roman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.4.1.89-92.1997","article-title":"CD4+ T-cell lymphopenia in Q fever endocarditis","volume":"4","author":"Sabatier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib111","first-page":"376","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) abortion storms in goat herds after attendance at an annual fair","volume":"35","author":"Sanford","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5455","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0931379100","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of the Q-fever pathogen Coxiella burnetii","volume":"100","author":"Seshadri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8722","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501863102","article-title":"Virulent Coxiella burnetii does not activate human dendritic cells. Role of lipopolysaccharide as a shielding molecule","volume":"102","author":"Shannon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549709008663","article-title":"Q fever endocarditis in Israel and a worldwide review","volume":"29","author":"Siegman-Igra","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1086\/598643","article-title":"Pigeon pneumonia in Provence. A bird borne Q fever outbreak","volume":"29","author":"Stein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib116","unstructured":"Stoker, M.G., Marmion, B.P., 1995. The spread of Q fever from animals to man. The natural history of a rickettsial disease. Bull WHO781-806."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib117","first-page":"98","article-title":"Studies on Q fever in man","volume":"69","author":"Tiggert","year":"1956","journal-title":"Trans. Assoc. Am. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tissot-Dupont, H., Raoult, D., 2007. Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of Q fever: Rickettsial diseases. 291\u2013301.","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420019971.021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90173-9","article-title":"Epidemiologic features and clinical presentation of acute Q fever in hospitalized patients, 323 French cases","volume":"93","author":"Tissot-Dupont","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.3.491","article-title":"In vitro activities of ceftriaxone and fusidic acid against 13 isolates of Coxiella burnetii. Determined using the shell Vial Assay","volume":"37","author":"Torres","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib121","first-page":"2587","article-title":"Overlapping deletion in two spontaneous phase variants of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"132","author":"Vodkin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000081014","article-title":"Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) reservoir in wild brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations in the UK Wildlife conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS - centre for Applied Microbiology and research, Division of Pathology, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 OJG","volume":"110","author":"Webster","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb42236.x","article-title":"Unexpected antibiotic susceptibility of a chronic isolate of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"590","author":"Yeaman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.7.1079","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Coxiella burnetii to antibiotics, including several quinolones","volume":"31","author":"Yeaman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.7.1052","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibilities of two Coxiella burnetii isolates implicate in distinct clinical syndromes","volume":"33","author":"Yeaman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54405","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M410340200","article-title":"Stimulation of toll-like receptor 2 by Coxiella burnetii is required for macrophage production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and resistance to infection","volume":"279","author":"Zamboni","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113509003381?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113509003381?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T04:31:21Z","timestamp":1685075481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378113509003381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378113509003381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-1135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-1135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}}}