{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:19:06Z","timestamp":1790680746975,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Laboratory for Animal influenza and Central Diagnostic Staff"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T02:29:03Z","timestamp":1597285743000},"page":"108820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Fatal multiple outbreaks of equine influenza H3N8 in Nigeria, 2019: The first introduction of Florida clade 1 to West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"248","author":[{"given":"Ismaila","family":"Shittu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement A.","family":"Meseko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanre P.","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bitrus","family":"Inuwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pakachi S.","family":"Zakariya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliyu A.","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakubu J.","family":"Atuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel J.","family":"Barde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Zecchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika G.","family":"Quaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Shamaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaniran","family":"Alabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Monne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony M.","family":"Joannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-17-25","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 from donkeys","volume":"17","author":"Abdel-Moneim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9540","article-title":"Nationwide serological survey of equine influenza in Nigeria","volume":"49","author":"Adeyefa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.134.26.683","article-title":"Outbreak of equine influenza in polo horses in Ibadan, Nigeria: virus isolation, clinical manifestation and diagnosis","volume":"134","author":"Adeyefa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0503-9","article-title":"Characterisation of the epidemic strain of H3N8 equine influenza virus responsible for outbreaks in South America in 2012","volume":"13","author":"Alves Beuttemm\u00fcller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.004","article-title":"Antigenic and genetic variations in European and North American equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated from 2006 to 2007","volume":"138","author":"Bryant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.03.029","article-title":"Equine influenza--a global perspective","volume":"167","author":"Cullinane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12523","article-title":"Equine disease events resulting from international horse movements: systematic review and lessons learned","volume":"48","author":"Dominguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2017.07.003","article-title":"Evolution of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) during a Brazilian outbreak, 2015","volume":"49","author":"Favaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13287-y","article-title":"Disentangling the role of Africa in the global spread of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza","volume":"10","author":"Fusaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27211","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27211","article-title":"Riems influenza a typing array (RITA): An RT-qPCR-based low density array for subtyping avian and mammalian influenza a viruses","volume":"6","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.42.19007-en","article-title":"Serologic and virologic surveillance of avian influenza in Nigeria, 2006-7","volume":"13","author":"Joannis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436","article-title":"MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform","author":"Katoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085616","article-title":"Little evidence of avian or equine influenza virus infection among a cohort of Mongolian adults with animal exposures, 2010\u20132011","volume":"9","author":"Khurelbaatar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp698","article-title":"Fast and accurate long-read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107524.110","article-title":"The genome analysis toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data","volume":"20","author":"McKenna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.27.99","article-title":"Serological evidence of equine influenza virus in horse stables in Kaduna, Nigeria","volume":"27","author":"Meseko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Equine Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2107.150421","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in poultry, Nigeria, 2015","volume":"21","author":"Monne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4067\/S0719-81322019000100105","article-title":"Report of 2018 equine influenza outbreak in Chile","volume":"51","author":"Moreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Austral. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.6.185","article-title":"Description of the outbreak of equine influenza (H3N8) in the United Kingdom in 2003, during which recently vaccinated horses in Newmarket developed respiratory disease","volume":"158","author":"Newton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X292214","article-title":"The pathology of bronchointerstitial pneumonia in young foals associated with the first outbreak of equine influenza in Australia","volume":"40","author":"Patterson-Kane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12349","article-title":"Epidemiological and virological findings during multiple outbreaks of equine influenza in South America in 2012","volume":"10","author":"Perglione","year":"2016","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respi. Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01941","article-title":"A comprehensive review on equine influenza virus: etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, advances in developing diagnostics, vaccines, and control strategies","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0125","first-page":"52","article-title":"Isolation of a virus causing respiratory disease in horses","volume":"2","author":"Sovinova","year":"1958","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3256-3260.2002","article-title":"Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes","volume":"40","author":"Spackman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/v10010031","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis and characterization of a sporadic isolate of equine influenza A H3N8 from an unvaccinated horse in 2015","volume":"10","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0140","first-page":"587","article-title":"A new influenza virus associated with equine respiratory disease","volume":"143","author":"Waddell","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks918","article-title":"LoFreq: a sequence-quality aware, ultra-sensitive variant caller for uncovering cell-population heterogeneity from high-throughput sequencing datasets","author":"Wilm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0150","series-title":"Equine Influenza, in: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals","author":"World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.11.033","article-title":"Emergence of H3N8 equine influenza virus in donkeys in China in 2017","volume":"214","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113520309585?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113520309585?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T23:10:36Z","timestamp":1759878636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378113520309585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0378113520309585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-1135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-1135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Fatal multiple outbreaks of equine influenza H3N8 in Nigeria, 2019: The first introduction of Florida clade 1 to West Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Microbiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108820","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108820"}}