{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:27:01Z","timestamp":1793946421600,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T11:21:03Z","timestamp":1681212063000},"page":"109743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Octyl gallate targeting the 3C-like protease exhibits highly efficient antiviral activity against swine enteric coronavirus PEDV"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"281","author":[{"given":"Mingjun","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baishuang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxu","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shufeng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongbo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf327","article-title":"Structure of coronavirus main proteinase reveals combination of a chymotrypsin fold with an extra alpha-helical domain","volume":"21","author":"Anand","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085658","article-title":"Coronavirus main proteinase (3CLpro) structure: basis for design of anti-SARS drugs","volume":"300","author":"Anand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.571434","article-title":"An evaluation of traditional persian medicine for the management of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"11","author":"Bahramsoltani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W252","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku340","article-title":"SWISS-MODEL: modelling protein tertiary and quaternary structure using evolutionary information","volume":"42","author":"Biasini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.619-626.2005","article-title":"Conservation of amino acids in human rhinovirus 3C protease correlates with broad-spectrum antiviral activity of rupintrivir, a novel human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitor","volume":"49","author":"Binford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coronavirus genome structure and replication","volume":"287","author":"Brian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib7","first-page":"169","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effect of octyl gallate through inhibition of nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) pathway in rat endometriosis model","volume":"21","author":"Bustami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.2174\/138920101504140825120737","article-title":"Polyphenols: well beyond the antioxidant capacity: gallic acid and related compounds as neuroprotective agents: you are what you eat!","volume":"15","author":"Daglia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4489","article-title":"Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease","volume":"368","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18233-x","article-title":"Both Boceprevir and GC376 efficaciously inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by targeting its main protease","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.03.004","article-title":"Structure-guided design of potent and permeable inhibitors of MERS coronavirus 3CL protease that utilize a piperidine moiety as a novel design element","volume":"150","author":"Galasiti Kankanamalage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.11.029","article-title":"Vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and other swine coronaviruses","volume":"206","author":"Gerdts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas2013-144","article-title":"Review: Chinese herbs as alternatives to antibiotics in feed for swine and poultry production: Potential and challenges in application","volume":"94","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2223-y","article-title":"Structure of M(pro) from SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of its inhibitors","volume":"582","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2019.1690480","article-title":"Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease by flavonoids","volume":"35","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11754","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01348-12","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antivirals against 3C or 3C-like proteases of picornaviruses, noroviruses, and coronaviruses","volume":"86","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.11.005","article-title":"Potent inhibition of feline coronaviruses with peptidyl compounds targeting coronavirus 3C-like protease","volume":"97","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108400","article-title":"Integrin \u03b1v\u03b23 enhances replication of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on Vero E6 and porcine intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"237","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib20","first-page":"21","article-title":"Inhibition of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication and viral 3C-like protease by quercetin","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.013","article-title":"Antivirals with common targets against highly pathogenic viruses","volume":"184","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4784","article-title":"An oral SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) inhibitor clinical candidate for the treatment of COVID-19","volume":"374","author":"Owen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00658","article-title":"Antimicrobial, anthelmintic, and antiviral activity of plants traditionally used for treating infectious disease in the similipal biosphere reserve, Odisha, India","volume":"8","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib25","first-page":"27","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","author":"Reed","year":"1937","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W320","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku316","article-title":"Deciphering key features in protein structures with the new ENDscript server","volume":"42","author":"Robert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104761","article-title":"Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"156","author":"Runfeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.04.182","article-title":"Octyl gallate and gallic acid isolated from Terminalia bellarica regulates normal cell cycle in human breast cancer cell lines","volume":"103","author":"Sales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00959","article-title":"Antiviral properties of R. tanguticum nanoparticles on herpes simplex virus type I in vitro and in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.08.009","article-title":"Hypericin inhibits hepatitis C virus replication via deacetylation and down-regulation of heme oxygenase-1","volume":"46","author":"Shih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomed.: Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0483-6","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities in vitro of Shuanghuanglian preparations and bioactive ingredients","volume":"41","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13439","article-title":"A molecular epidemiological investigation of PEDV in China: characterization of co-infection and genetic diversity of S1-based genes","volume":"67","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0446","article-title":"Epidemiology and vaccine of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China: a mini-review","volume":"78","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.07.010","article-title":"Antiviral effect of octyl gallate against DNA and RNA viruses","volume":"73","author":"Uozaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18096-2","article-title":"Feline coronavirus drug inhibits the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 and blocks virus replication","volume":"11","author":"Vuong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib36","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the ORF3 and S1 genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus non S-INDEL strains in seven regions of China, 2015","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00865-y","article-title":"Tomatidine inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by targeting 3CL protease","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.12.001","article-title":"Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses in pigs","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO00707H","article-title":"Octyl gallate, a food additive with potential beneficial properties to treat Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"8","author":"Wolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-011-1034-1","article-title":"Activation and maturation of SARS-CoV main protease","volume":"2","author":"Xia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.06.002","article-title":"Bioactive natural compounds against human coronaviruses: a review and perspective","volume":"10","author":"Xian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108849","article-title":"Aloe extract inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo","volume":"249","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib44","first-page":"685","article-title":"Antiviral effect of octyl gallate against influenza and other RNA viruses","volume":"19","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103922","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a variant subgroup GII-a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain in China","volume":"140","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.04.018","article-title":"Structural basis for the dimerization and substrate recognition specificity of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus 3C-like protease","volume":"494","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020240","article-title":"Structural basis for inhibiting porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication with the 3C-like protease inhibitor GC376","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib48","first-page":"13","article-title":"Hypericin inhibit alpha-coronavirus replication by targeting 3CL protease","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib49","article-title":"Structure-based discovery and structural basis of a novel broad-spectrum natural product against the main protease of coronavirus","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-021-00415-6","article-title":"Two inhibitors against the 3C-like proteases of swine coronavirus and feline coronavirus","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00517","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antiviral agents","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113523000950?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113523000950?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T23:20:52Z","timestamp":1759879252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378113523000950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0378113523000950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-1135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-1135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Octyl gallate targeting the 3C-like protease exhibits highly efficient antiviral activity against swine enteric coronavirus PEDV","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Microbiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109743","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109743"}}