{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:52:37Z","timestamp":1792450357903,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003482","name":"Department of Education of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QN2024288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2024288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003482","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C2024204069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2024204069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1802602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1802602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019535","name":"Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C2022204249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2022204249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019535","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32472998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T11:19:04Z","timestamp":1741087144000},"page":"110453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Porcine GM-CSF and APS as a novel complex immunostimulant improves the immune effect of pseudorabies inactivated vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"304","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wuchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baishi","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanzhe","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1911.130177","article-title":"Pseudorabies virus variant in Bartha-K61-vaccinated pigs, China, 2012","volume":"19","author":"An","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.10.026","article-title":"GM-CSF: From Growth Factor to Central Mediator of Tissue Inflammation","volume":"45","author":"Becher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.08.054","article-title":"Adjuvants for swine vaccines: Mechanisms of actions and adjuvant effects","volume":"38","author":"Charerntantanakul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101880","article-title":"The Immune Efficacy of Inactivated Pseudorabies Vaccine Prepared from FJ-2012\u0394gE\/gI Strain","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112895","article-title":"Astragali Radix (Huangqi): A promising edible immunomodulatory herbal medicine","volume":"258","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib6","article-title":"Effects of Astragalus Polysaccharide on Immune Responses of Porcine PBMC Stimulated with PRRSV or CSFV","volume":"7","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2018.05.001","article-title":"Correlates of adjuvanticity: A review on adjuvants in licensed vaccines","volume":"39","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.1.202.202","article-title":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: an effective adjuvant for protein and peptide-based vaccines","volume":"88","author":"Disis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.11.019","article-title":"Vaccines against pseudorabies virus (PrV)","volume":"206","author":"Freuling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(99)00088-X","article-title":"Combination of GM-CSF with antitumour vaccine strategies","volume":"35","author":"Gaudernack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.09.003","article-title":"A novel inactivated gE\/gI deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine completely protects pigs from an emerged variant PRV challenge","volume":"195","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.11.015","article-title":"The composite biological adjuvants enhance immune response of porcine circovirus type2 vaccine","volume":"228","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.05.018","article-title":"GM-CSF Mouse Bone Marrow Cultures Comprise a Heterogeneous Population of CD11c(+)MHCII(+) Macrophages and Dendritic Cells","volume":"42","author":"Helft","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109665","article-title":"Duck IL-7 as a novel adjuvant improves the humoral immune response to an inactivated duck tembusu virus vaccine","volume":"279","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.002","article-title":"Structural features and biological activities of the polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus","volume":"64","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2021.54.1.257","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy with T-cell targeting cytokines: IL-2 and IL-7","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-022-01393-3","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharide: a review of its immunomodulatory effect","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.189","article-title":"Characterization and anti-tumor bioactivity of astragalus polysaccharides by immunomodulation","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib19","article-title":"Immuno-stimulatory activity of Astragalus polysaccharides in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice by regulating gut microbiota","volume":"242","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib20","article-title":"A novel subunit vaccine based on Fiber1\/2 knob domain provides full protection against fowl adenovirus serotype 4 and induces stronger immune responses than a Fiber2 subunit vaccine","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:200661","article-title":"Cell biological and molecular characteristics of pseudorabies virus infections in cell cultures and in pigs with emphasis on the respiratory tract","volume":"38","author":"Nauwynck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-022-03150-3","article-title":"GM-CSF elicits antibodies to tumor-associated proteins when used as a prostate cancer vaccine adjuvant","volume":"71","author":"Potluri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2078226","article-title":"Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 AAV-RABVG expressing a Rabies Virus G protein confers long-lasting immune responses in mice and non-human primates","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.07.001","article-title":"3. Cytokines and chemokines","volume":"117","author":"Steinke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.09.040191.001415","article-title":"The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity","volume":"9","author":"Steinman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00340-0","article-title":"Current Status and Challenge of Pseudorabies Virus Infection in China","volume":"36","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.09.021","article-title":"Emergence of a Pseudorabies virus variant with increased virulence to piglets","volume":"181","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.11.054","article-title":"Combination adjuvants for the induction of potent, long-lasting antibody and T-cell responses to influenza vaccine in mice","volume":"26","author":"Wack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118739","article-title":"Polysaccharides derived from Chinese medicinal herbs: A promising choice of vaccine adjuvants","volume":"276","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib30","article-title":"The Adjuvant Effects on Vaccine and the Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Polysaccharides From Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-016-0331-5","article-title":"IL-10-Expressing Th2 Cells Contribute to the Elevated Antibody Production in Rheumatoid Arthritis","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216672750","article-title":"Comparison of the anti-duck hepatitis A virus activities of phosphorylated and sulfated Astragalus polysaccharides","volume":"242","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.08.003","article-title":"Protective immune responses induced by in ovo immunization with recombinant adenoviruses expressing spike (S1) glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus fused\/co-administered with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor","volume":"148","author":"Zeshan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123635","article-title":"Bidirectional and persistent immunomodulation of Astragalus polysaccharide as an adjuvant of influenza and recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine","volume":"234","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109678","article-title":"Recombinant porcine Interferon-\u03b1 and Interleukin-2 fusion protein (rPoIFN\u03b1+IL-2) shows potent anti-pseudorabies virus activity in vitro and in vivo","volume":"279","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2011.07.011","article-title":"Characterization of polysaccharide from Astragalus radix as the macrophage stimulator","volume":"271","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2011.07.011","article-title":"Characterization of polysaccharide from Astragalus radix as the macrophage stimulator","volume":"271","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2017.105","article-title":"Revisiting GM-CSF as an adjuvant for therapeutic vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1022808","article-title":"IL-7: A promising adjuvant ensuring effective T cell responses and memory in combination with cancer vaccines?","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081638","article-title":"Pseudorabies Virus: From Pathogenesis to Prevention Strategies","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9976079","article-title":"Astragalus Polysaccharides Enhance the Immune Response to OVA Antigen in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"2021","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18752","article-title":"Exosomes Derived From Natural Killer Cells Exert Therapeutic Effect in Melanoma","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113525000884?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113525000884?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:59:19Z","timestamp":1762304359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378113525000884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0378113525000884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-1135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-1135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Porcine GM-CSF and APS as a novel complex immunostimulant improves the immune effect of pseudorabies inactivated vaccine","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Microbiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110453","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110453"}}