{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T20:18:01Z","timestamp":1783714681831,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024370","name":"Ministero dell&apos;Istruzione dell&apos;Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell&apos;Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:28:27Z","timestamp":1772555307000},"page":"110956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dynamics of domestic cat hepatitis B virus infection in juvenile cats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"316","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Burgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Cicirelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Diakoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Salvaggiulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Filipponio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Di Profio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Sarchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.P.","family":"Cavasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Decaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Camero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Lanave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.A.","family":"Beatty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Martella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050269","article-title":"A novel hepadnavirus identified in an immunocompromised domestic cat in Australia","volume":"10","author":"Aghazadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090464","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis and in situ hybridization for FcaGHV1 in feline lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Aghazadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02700-0","article-title":"Molecular detection and characterisation of domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH) from blood and liver tissues of cats in Malaysia","volume":"17","author":"Anpuanandam","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2025.03.006","article-title":"Domestic Cat Hepadnavirus, a Hepatitis B-like virus associated with feline liver disease","volume":"55","author":"Beatty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.2.187","article-title":"Seroprevalences of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats in the United States and Canada and risk factors for seropositivity","volume":"251","author":"Burling","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a024935","article-title":"Viral Hepatitis B: clinical and epidemiological characteristics","volume":"4","author":"Burns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010150","article-title":"Domestic cat hepadnavirus: molecular epidemiology and phylogeny in cats in Hong Kong","volume":"15","author":"Capozza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.108999","article-title":"A longitudinal observational study in two cats naturally-infected with hepadnavirus","volume":"254","author":"Capozza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib9","first-page":"668","article-title":"Hepadnavirus infection in a cat with chronic liver disease: a multi-disciplinary diagnostic approach","volume":"10","author":"Capozza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890080307","article-title":"Significance of persisting IgM anti-HBc antibodies in hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"8","author":"Cappel","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Med Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvr.2025.200324","article-title":"Recurrent integration of domestic cat hepatitis B virus DNA near feline CCNE1 supports an oncogenic role in hepatocellular carcinoma in cats","volume":"20","author":"Cavasin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tumour Virus Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110506","article-title":"Domestic cat hepadnavirus is detected infrequently in feline blood and liver samples submitted for diagnostic testing in Texas, USA","volume":"607","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424775112","article-title":"Age-related immune clearance of hepatitis B virus infection requires the establishment of gut microbiota","volume":"112","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890030208","article-title":"The IgM antibody responses to the core antigen of hepatitis B virus","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Med Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10278-9","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis B virus surface antigen, IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigen in the clinical classification and epidemiological surveillance of HBV infection","volume":"52","author":"de Almeida Pond\u00e9","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaf025","article-title":"Ancient origins and global spread of domestic cat hepatitis B virus","volume":"11","author":"de Oliveira-Filho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06842-z","article-title":"A novel hepadnavirus in domestic dogs","volume":"12","author":"Diakoudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.06.015","article-title":"Characteristics of older patients with immunotolerant chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"21","author":"Feld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14461","article-title":"Detection of antibodies against domestic cat hepadnavirus using baculovirus-expressed core protein","volume":"69","author":"Fruci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13040729","article-title":"Serological and molecular survey on domestic dog hepadnavirus in household dogs, Italy","volume":"13","author":"Fruci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.1.95","article-title":"Diagnosis of acute and inapparent hepatitis B virus infections by measurement of IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen","volume":"142","author":"Gerlich","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.30385","article-title":"Comparing HBV viral load in serum, cerumen, and saliva and correlation with HBeAg serum status in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"16","author":"Gholami Parizad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepat. Mon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040752","article-title":"Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians","volume":"172","author":"Giannini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. Med Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.08.011","article-title":"Fecal shedding of infectious feline leukemia virus and its nucleic acids: a transmission potential","volume":"134","author":"Gomeskeller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020137","article-title":"The course of anti-HBc antibodies over time in immunocompromised hosts","volume":"10","author":"Holtkamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0641-1","article-title":"Tolerance and immunity to pathogens in early life: insights from HBV infection","volume":"39","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70360","article-title":"Single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"97","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30042-1","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection in children and adolescents","volume":"4","author":"Indolfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2016.09.527","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus and its sexually transmitted infection \u2013 an update","volume":"3","author":"Inoue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108","article-title":"MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization","volume":"20","author":"Katoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5497","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115497","article-title":"Immunopathology of chronic hepatitis B infection: role of innate and adaptive immune response in disease progression","volume":"22","author":"Khanam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-06845-2","article-title":"Anti-HBc IgG levels: a predictor of HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B patients with nucleos(t)ide analogue-induced HBeAg seroclearance","volume":"67","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis293","article-title":"Tears from children with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are infectious vehicles of HBV transmission: experimental transmission of HBV by tears, using mice with chimeric human livers","volume":"206","author":"Komatsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.6.2968-2975.2006","article-title":"Coexistence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) and anti-HBs antibodies in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers: influence of \u201ca\u201d determinant variants","volume":"80","author":"Lada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.19053\/01217488.v10.n1.2019.8402","article-title":"Incidencia de los virus de inmudeficiencia y leucemia enFelis catusen la Cl\u00ednica Veterinaria Gattos Tunja-Boyac\u00e1","volume":"10","author":"Lagos-L\u00f3pez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cienc. En. Desarro."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47175-8","article-title":"Identification of hepadnavirus in the sera of cats","volume":"9","author":"Lanave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001415","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: hepadnaviridae","volume":"101","author":"Magnius","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13210","article-title":"Ovarian HBV replication following ovulation induction in female hepatitis B carriers undergoing IVF treatment: a prospective observational study","volume":"27","author":"Mak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.4.599","article-title":"Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state","volume":"151","author":"McMahon","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.10.009","article-title":"Validation of real-time polymerase chain reaction tests for diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus infection in domestic cats using Bayesian latent class models","volume":"104","author":"Morton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2023.100780","article-title":"Reproduction of domestic cats in laboratories, catteries, and feral colonies: a review","volume":"55","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00046-19","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus: advances in prevention, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"33","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13291","article-title":"Clinical enzymology of the dog and cat","volume":"101","author":"Oikonomidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i13.3953","article-title":"Differentiation of acute and chronic hepatitis B in IgM anti-HBc positive patients","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100969","article-title":"A novel hepadnavirus is associated with chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in cats","volume":"11","author":"Pesavento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16525","article-title":"Domestic cat hepadnavirus associated with hepatopathy in cats: a retrospective study","volume":"36","author":"Piewbang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020210","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis: from evolution to current status\u2014a pathologist\u2019s perspective","volume":"14","author":"Sakhuja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051111","article-title":"Hepatitis B core antibody level: a surrogate marker for host antiviral immunity in chronic hepatitis B virus infections","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.3099","article-title":"Molecular characteristics and stages of chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069430","article-title":"Association of early age at establishment of chronic hepatitis B infection with persistent viral replication, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Shimakawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.938154","article-title":"Global prevalence of domestic cat hepadnavirus: an emerging threat to cats\u2019 health?","volume":"13","author":"Shofa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.09.11","article-title":"Diagnosis of hepatitis B","volume":"4","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.1999.00066.x","article-title":"Use of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of retroviruses from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded uveal melanomas in cats","volume":"2","author":"Stiles","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib55","series-title":"Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases","first-page":"224","article-title":"Feline Leukemia Virus Infection","author":"Sykes","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a021428","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021428","article-title":"Immune response in hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib57","first-page":"85","article-title":"Seroprevalencia del virus de leucemia e inmunodeficiencia felina en gatos de Monter\u00eda, C\u00f3rdoba","volume":"56","author":"Tique","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.66.1125","article-title":"Development of spermatogenic function in the sex maturation process in male cats","volume":"66","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.010","article-title":"A combination of human broadly neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis B virus HBsAg with distinct epitopes suppresses escape mutations","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i16.1950","article-title":"Immune response pattern varies with the natural history of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1248445","article-title":"Quantification of domestic cat hepadnavirus DNA in various body fluid specimens of cats: the potential viral shedding routes","volume":"10","author":"Wardhani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000196","article-title":"Incidence, factors, and patient-level data for spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance: a cohort study of 11,264 patients","volume":"11","author":"Yeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib63","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"4","author":"Yuen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S359113","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: route and molecular mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27905","article-title":"Horizontal transmission might be a common route of hepatitis B virus exposure in highly endemic areas","volume":"94","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113526000878?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113526000878?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T19:45:16Z","timestamp":1783712716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378113526000878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["S0378113526000878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-1135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-1135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dynamics of domestic cat hepatitis B virus infection in juvenile cats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Microbiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.110956","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110956"}}