{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T13:16:46Z","timestamp":1783171006148,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003995","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022AH040032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AH040032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010696","name":"Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QNYC-202206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNYC-202206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010696","name":"Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026YL037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026YL037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:15:23Z","timestamp":1779203723000},"page":"111077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The ecnAB toxin-antitoxin system modulates avian pathogenic Escherichia coli virulence through regulating the capsular sialic acid biosynthesis pathway"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"319","author":[{"given":"Yihan","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehuai","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erhui","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaocheng","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.858767","article-title":"Regulation of Escherichia coli group 2 capsule gene expression: a mini review and update","volume":"13","author":"Aldawood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00169-25","article-title":"Insights on the regulation and function of the CRISPR\/Cas transposition system located in the pathogenicity island VpaI-7 from Vibrio parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633","volume":"93","author":"Alejandre-Sixtos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2008.08.005","article-title":"The chicken as a natural model for extraintestinal infections caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)","volume":"45","author":"Ant\u00e3o","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1998.1894","article-title":"The entericidin locus of Escherichia coli and its implications for programmed bacterial cell death","volume":"280","author":"Bishop","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061158","article-title":"Contribution of toxin-antitoxin systems to adherent-invasive E. coli Pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Bustamante","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib6","article-title":"YafN-YafO toxin-antitoxin system contributes to stress resistance and virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212165","article-title":"The HicAB system: characteristics and biological roles of an underappreciated toxin-antitoxin system","volume":"25","author":"Encina-Robles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00796-18","article-title":"The ecnA antitoxin is important not only for human pathogens: evidence of its role in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri","volume":"201","author":"Granato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.671706","article-title":"An auto-regulating Type II toxin-antitoxin system modulates drug resistance and virulence in Streptococcus suis","volume":"12","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244705","article-title":"Internalization of Salmonella by macrophages induces formation of nonreplicating persisters","volume":"343","author":"Helaine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107309","article-title":"An insight into newly emerging avian pathogenic E. coli serogroups, biofilm formation, ESBLs and integron detection and in vivo pathogenicity in chicken","volume":"200","author":"Jhandai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib12","article-title":"Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control","volume":"13","author":"Kamal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00872.x","article-title":"Animal research: reporting in vivo experiments: the ARRIVE guidelines","volume":"160","author":"Kilkenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.7.10.1993","article-title":"The activity of the Escherichia coli transcription factor FNR is regulated by a change in oligomeric state","volume":"7","author":"Lazazzera","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genes & Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib15","article-title":"Biodistribution of (89)Zr-DFO-labeled avian pathogenic Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles by PET imaging in chickens","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2025.128281","article-title":"Antitoxin HigA orchestrates T3SS\/T6SS expression in aquatic pathogen Edwardsiella piscicida","volume":"300","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01230-10","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O1 in chicken serum reveals adaptive responses to systemic infection","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9374","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09374","article-title":"Distinct type I and type II toxin-antitoxin modules control Salmonella lifestyle inside eukaryotic cells","volume":"5","author":"Lobato-M\u00e1rquez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib20","article-title":"Edwardsiella piscicida YefM-YoeB: a Type II toxin-antitoxin system that is related to antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, serum survival, and host infection","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.536-540.2003","article-title":"Role of virulence factors in resistance of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli to serum and in pathogenicity","volume":"71","author":"Mellata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00232-25","article-title":"Beyond plasmid addiction: the role of toxin-antitoxin systems in the selfish behavior of mobile genetic elements","author":"Mendoza-Guido","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104359","article-title":"Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): current insights and future challenges","volume":"103","author":"Nawaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5259","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.15.5259-5266.2005","article-title":"Identification of an Escherichia coli operon required for formation of the O-antigen capsule","volume":"187","author":"Peleg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","article-title":"edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6031002","article-title":"Multiple toxin-antitoxin systems in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Sala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201695581","article-title":"Paired Siglec receptors generate opposite inflammatory responses to a human-specific pathogen","volume":"36","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073062","article-title":"RyhB regulates capsular synthesis for serum resistance and virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00840","article-title":"MqsR\/MqsA toxin\/antitoxin system regulates persistence and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas putida KT2440","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-025-04467-0","article-title":"Type II toxin-antitoxin systems as stress-responsive survival circuits in archaea and bacteria","volume":"207","author":"Uddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.560","article-title":"Antitoxin MqsA helps mediate the bacterial general stress response","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W316","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr483","article-title":"KOBAS 2.0: a web server for annotation and identification of enriched pathways and diseases","volume":"39","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-110410-132412","article-title":"Toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria and archaea","volume":"45","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00399-21","article-title":"O-acetylation of capsular polysialic acid enables Escherichia coli K1 escaping from Siglec-mediated innate immunity and lysosomal degradation of E. coli-containing vacuoles in macrophage-like cells","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105029","article-title":"Dynamic immune response to Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli infection in broiler chickens: insights into pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine regulation: cytokine regulation in APEC infected broilers","volume":"104","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01049-6","article-title":"YqeH contributes to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli pathogenicity by regulating motility, biofilm formation, and virulence","volume":"53","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101722","article-title":"The Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 Is involved in the biofilm formation and virulence of avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"79","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.09.011","article-title":"The role of Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 chaperone protein ygeG in pathogenesis of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"140","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1544506","article-title":"MicroRNA warfare: how chickens combat Klebsiella variicola with gga-miR-2954","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105198","article-title":"Flagellar rotor protein FliG is involved in the virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"160","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105726","article-title":"The cross-regulation between two-component system BasS\/BasR and c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase YfgF in biofilm formation and H(2)O(2) stress response in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"104","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S501485","article-title":"Type II toxin-antitoxin systems in Escherichia coli","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0725-0","article-title":"Lsr operon is associated with AI-2 transfer and pathogenicity in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"50","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113526002099?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378113526002099?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:27:15Z","timestamp":1783168035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378113526002099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0378113526002099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-1135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-1135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The ecnAB toxin-antitoxin system modulates avian pathogenic Escherichia coli virulence through regulating the capsular sialic acid biosynthesis pathway","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Microbiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111077","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111077"}}