{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:49:42Z","timestamp":1792068582019,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-67016-31458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-67016-31458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-67016-42406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-67016-42406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:59:23Z","timestamp":1787727563000},"page":"111201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 infection induces antiviral and remodeling transcriptional programs in the calf thymus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"321","author":[{"given":"Fernando Vicosa","family":"Bauermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingryd","family":"Merchioratto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Mendes","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shollie","family":"Falkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Rudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Nobre","family":"da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gilliam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara Fernanda","family":"Maggioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15121500","article-title":"Targeted transcriptome analysis of beef cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"15","author":"Adkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.037649","article-title":"A multiomics approach to defining target-organ injury in youths with primary hypertension: the SHIP AHOY cohort","volume":"14","author":"Ananthamohan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030565","article-title":"Cross-presenting XCR1(+) dendritic cells as targets for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Audsley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e11-11-0931","article-title":"CSAP localizes to polyglutamylated microtubules and promotes proper cilia function and zebrafish development","volume":"23","author":"Backer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.9.1.492","article-title":"Clinical aspects of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Et. Tech. (Int. Off. Epizoot. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199732","article-title":"Divergent Transcriptomic Trajectories in CD4\/CD8beta\/TcR1 Bead-Enriched Peripheral Lymphocyte Fraction Following Experimental Infection with Low- and High-Virulence Strains of Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2","volume":"368","author":"Bauermann","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.10.011","article-title":"Experimental infection of calves, sheep, goats and pigs with HoBi-like viruses by direct inoculation or exposure to persistently infected calves","volume":"181","author":"Bauermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1017\/S146625231500002X","article-title":"HoBi-like viruses \u2013 the typical \u2018atypical bovine pestivirus","volume":"16","author":"Bauermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30461-8","article-title":"The pathologies of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection","volume":"11","author":"Bielefeldt-Ohmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"A Window Pathog. Vet. Clin. North. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa005","article-title":"An evaluation of the economic effects of bovine respiratory disease on animal performance, carcass traits, and economic outcomes in feedlot cattle defined using four BRD diagnosis methods","volume":"98","author":"Blakebrough-Hall","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.063","article-title":"Guanylate-binding Proteins 2 and 5 exert broad antiviral activity by inhibiting furin-mediated processing of viral envelope proteins","volume":"27","author":"Braun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.07.045","article-title":"Directing T cell fate: how thymic antigen presenting cells coordinate thymocyte selection","volume":"84","author":"Breed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cell. & Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.142","article-title":"Finding their niche: chemokines directing cell migration in the thymus","volume":"89","author":"Bunting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.08.009","article-title":"Potential evidence for biotype-specific chemokine profile following BVDV infection of bovine macrophages","volume":"150","author":"Burr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2012.09.009","article-title":"The impact of BVDV infection on adaptive immunity","volume":"41","author":"Chase","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2003.11.004","article-title":"The immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus: a constantly changing picture","volume":"20","author":"Chase","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010001","article-title":"Bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection disrupts uterine interferon stimulated gene regulatory pathways during pregnancy recognition in cows","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib18","first-page":"13","article-title":"The effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus on bovine monocyte phenotype","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01159-19","article-title":"Novel functions of IFI44L as a feedback regulator of host antiviral responses","volume":"93","author":"DeDiego","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13382","article-title":"ISG20: an enigmatic antiviral RNase targeting multiple viruses","volume":"12","author":"Deymier","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS Open. Bio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14241960","article-title":"CD74 and proteases: impact of location on immune and cellular functions","volume":"14","author":"Dolenc","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7320","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15463","article-title":"Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cause-specific and overall mortality in preweaned calves on California dairies: the BRD 10K study","volume":"102","author":"Dubrovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib24","first-page":"161","article-title":"Lesions and Distribution of Viral Antigen Following an Experimental Infection of Young Seronegative Calves with Virulent Bovine Virus Diarrhea Virus-Type II","volume":"62","author":"Ellis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3523-x","article-title":"Characterization of thymus-associated lymphoid depletion in bovine calves acutely or persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 or HoBi-like pestivirus","volume":"162","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.046","article-title":"Changes in circulating lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue associated with vaccination of colostrum deprived calves","volume":"38","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2014.03.018","article-title":"Changes observed in the thymus and lymph nodes 14 days after exposure to BVDV field strains of enhanced or typical virulence in neonatal calves","volume":"160","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.04.020","article-title":"Detection and characterization of viruses as field and vaccine strains in feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory disease","volume":"34","author":"Fulton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00437","article-title":"Transcriptional analyses identify genes that modulate bovine macrophage response to toxoplasma infection and immune stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Gossner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12542","article-title":"Human MX2 is an interferon-induced post-entry inhibitor of HIV-1 infection","volume":"502","author":"Goujon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14060530","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of bovine pestivirus prevalence and associated risk factors in Latin America","volume":"14","author":"Guzm\u00e1n Barrag\u00e1n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.09.010","article-title":"The Mx GTPase family of interferon-induced antiviral proteins","volume":"9","author":"Haller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121998","article-title":"Bovine Rhinitis viruses are common in U.S. Cattle with bovine respiratory disease","volume":"10","author":"Hause","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib34","first-page":"00031","article-title":"Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and swine: proposal for a new genus in the orthomyxoviridae family","author":"Hause Ben","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1045-1056(03)00030-7","article-title":"Economic impact of BVDV infection in dairies","volume":"31","author":"Houe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15080512","article-title":"Quercetin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced cell oxidative stress and inflammatory responses via regulation of the TLR4-NF-kappaB signaling pathway in bovine rumen epithelial cells","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.8755-8920.2001.450503.x","article-title":"Unique susceptibility of the fetal thymus to feline immunodeficiency virus infection: an animal model for HIV infection in utero","volume":"45","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01393","article-title":"Fc Gamma Receptors and Their Role in Antigen Uptake, Presentation, and T Cell Activation","volume":"11","author":"Junker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-9-284","article-title":"Vasohibin inhibits angiogenic sprouting in vitro and supports vascular maturation processes in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Kern","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3667","article-title":"Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don't see)","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080816","article-title":"Fetal lymphoid organ immune responses to transient and persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"12","author":"Knapek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00014","article-title":"The role of XCR1 and its ligand XCL1 in antigen cross-presentation by murine and human dendritic cells","volume":"3","author":"Kroczek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.12.005","article-title":"Identification of differentially expressed gene pathways between cytopathogenic and non-cytopathogenic BVDV-1 strains by analysis of the transcriptome of infected primary bovine cells","volume":"567","author":"La Polla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"Pt 16","key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.111.16.2445","article-title":"The cdc25B phosphatase is essential for the G2\/M phase transition in human cells","volume":"111","author":"Lammer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2015.05.007","article-title":"Bovine viral diarrhea virus-associated disease in feedlot cattle","volume":"31","author":"Larson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2008.09.005","article-title":"Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection affects the expression of proteins related to professional antigen presentation in bovine monocytes","volume":"1794","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-323","article-title":"RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinforma."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"The Sequence Alignment\/Map format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5830-y","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals differential immune related genes expression in bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 infected goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1160440","article-title":"Mitochondrial CPT1A: insights into structure, function, and basis for drug development","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870301500303","article-title":"Distribution of viral antigen and development of lesions after experimental infection of calves with a BVDV 2 strain of low virulence","volume":"15","author":"Liebler-Tenorio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech11030027","article-title":"Thymic extracellular matrix in the thymopoiesis: just a supporting?","author":"Lins","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioTech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3945\/an.110.000125","article-title":"Stearoyl CoA desaturase 1: role in cellular inflammation and stress","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.652538","article-title":"Infection-Associated Thymic Atrophy","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBnet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00339","article-title":"Influence of inflammation in the process of t lymphocyte differentiation: proliferative, metabolic, and oxidative changes","volume":"9","author":"Moro-Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202412","article-title":"T cells home to the thymus and control infection","volume":"190","author":"Nobrega","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.06.004","article-title":"Tolerance has its limits: how the thymus copes with infection","volume":"34","author":"Nunes-Alves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142798","article-title":"Polyglutamylated Tubulin binding protein C1orf96\/CSAP is involved in microtubule stabilization in mitotic spindles","volume":"10","author":"Ohta","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000825","article-title":"Induction of interferon and interferon-induced antiviral effector genes following a primary bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) respiratory infection","volume":"98","author":"Osman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. General. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3370","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.7.3370-3375.1990","article-title":"Resistance to influenza virus and vesicular stomatitis virus conferred by expression of human MxA protein","volume":"64","author":"Pavlovic","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2012.11.011","article-title":"Insulin receptor-related receptor as an extracellular pH sensor involved in the regulation of acid-base balance","volume":"1834","author":"Petrenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-44","article-title":"The effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains on bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) phenotype and capacity to produce BVDV","volume":"11","author":"Rajput","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83391-0","article-title":"Interferons and viruses: an interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures","volume":"89","author":"Randall","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814535610","article-title":"Role of thymic epithelial cells in lymphoid depletion after experimental infection with the noncytopathogenic BVDV1 strain 7443","volume":"52","author":"Raya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811414031","article-title":"Virus distribution and role of thymic macrophages during experimental infection with noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1","volume":"49","author":"Raya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0244-1","article-title":"A CRISPR screen identifies IFI6 as an ER-resident interferon effector that blocks flavivirus replication","volume":"3","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.01.005","article-title":"A systematic worldwide review of the direct monetary losses in cattle due to bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection","volume":"220","author":"Richter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.04.003","article-title":"The contribution of infections with bovine viral diarrhea viruses to bovine respiratory disease","volume":"26","author":"Ridpath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.07.022","article-title":"Comparison of the breadth and complexity of bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) populations circulating in 34 persistently infected cattle generated in one outbreak","volume":"485","author":"Ridpath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.3.438","article-title":"Comparison of acute infection of calves exposed to a high-virulence or low-virulence bovine viral diarrhea virus or a HoBi-like virus","volume":"74","author":"Ridpath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12406","article-title":"Immunopathologic changes in the thymus of calves pre-infected with BVDV and challenged with BHV-1","volume":"64","author":"Romero-Palomo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.02.018","article-title":"Characterization of thymus atrophy in calves with subclinical BVD challenged with BHV-1","volume":"177","author":"Romero-Palomo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.07.006","article-title":"Lymphoid tissue tropism of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication during persistent infection of pigs originally exposed to virus in utero","volume":"96","author":"Rowland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939605","article-title":"Spatial (Tbata) expression in mature medullary thymic epithelial cells","volume":"40","author":"Saade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2000\/60247","article-title":"Role of extracellular matrix-mediated interactions in thymocyte migration","volume":"7","author":"Savino","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00579","article-title":"Laminin-mediated interactions in thymocyte migration and development","volume":"6","author":"Savino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4692","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.10.4692-4698.2001","article-title":"Noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus inhibits double-stranded RNA-induced apoptosis and interferon synthesis","volume":"75","author":"Schweizer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.045","article-title":"Complement and viral pathogenesis","volume":"411","author":"Stoermer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90076-4","article-title":"HIV-1-induced thymocyte depletion is associated with indirect cytopathicity and infection of progenitor cells in vivo","volume":"2","author":"Su","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib83","article-title":"Thymic epithelial cell development and its dysfunction in human diseases","volume":"2014","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv711","article-title":"Data quality aware analysis of differential expression in RNA-seq with NOISeq R\/Bioc package","author":"Tarazona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res. 43 e140"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01894-y","article-title":"Cathepsin S inhibition combines control of systemic and peripheral pathomechanisms of autoimmune tissue injury","volume":"7","author":"Tato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2018.12.001","article-title":"The role of the thymus in the immune response","volume":"29","author":"Thapa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorac. Surg. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122442","article-title":"Immune responses to Influenza D virus in calves previously infected with bovine viral diarrhea Virus 2","volume":"15","author":"Vicosa Bauermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15816","article-title":"Bovine viral diarrhea virus: an updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination","volume":"34","author":"Walz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib89","article-title":"From microtubule remodeling to clinical translation: the multifaceted roles of vasohibin-1 in disease modulation","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. a A. Wingett, S, 2018. FastQ Screen: A tool for multi-genome mapping and quality control [version 2; peer review: 4 approved]. F1000Research 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.15931.2.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15931.2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.707404","article-title":"Thymic egress is regulated by T cell-derived LT\u03b2R signal and via distinct thymic portal endothelial cells","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00013","article-title":"Theories and quantification of thymic selection","volume":"5","author":"Yates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.08.009","article-title":"The TCF-1 and LEF-1 transcription factors have cooperative and opposing roles in T cell development and malignancy","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.938502","article-title":"Targeting the key cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme squalene monooxygenasefor cancer therapy","volume":"12","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S037811352600338X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S037811352600338X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:06:32Z","timestamp":1792065992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S037811352600338X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S037811352600338X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-1135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-1135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 infection induces antiviral and remodeling transcriptional programs in the calf thymus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Microbiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2026.111201","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111201"}}