{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:28:19Z","timestamp":1791188899171,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,2]],"date-time":"2004-01-02T10:29:21Z","timestamp":1073039361000},"page":"165-176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhanced survival of rats concurrently infected with Trypanosoma brucei and Strongyloides ratti"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"D.N","family":"Onah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.W","family":"Onyenwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.I","family":"Ihedioha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.S","family":"Onwumere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.3.948","article-title":"Helminth infection results in decreased virus-specific CD8 cytotoxic T cell and Th1 cytokine responses as well as delayed viral clearance","volume":"90","author":"Actor","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00427-1","article-title":"Drug resistance in pathogenic African trypanosomes: what hopes for the future?","volume":"96","author":"Anene","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.8.3518","article-title":"Control of parasitaemia and survival during Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection is related to strain-dependent ability to produce IL-4","volume":"157","author":"Bakhiet","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(00)45005-0","article-title":"The immunobiology of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants","volume":"45","author":"Balic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60424-8","article-title":"The generation and expression of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in laboratory rodents","volume":"41","author":"Bell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.2.769","article-title":"Evidence that cytokine-mediated immune interactions induced by Schistosoma mansoni alter disease outcome in mice concurrently infected with Trichuris muris","volume":"181","author":"Curry","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000078525","article-title":"Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Trypanosoma congolense infections in mice: a laboratory model for concurrent gastrointestinal nematode and trypanosome infections","volume":"108","author":"Fakae","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(70)90096-9","article-title":"The pathology of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"64","author":"Goodwin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB9","first-page":"40","article-title":"Immunosuppression during African trypanosomiasis","volume":"53","author":"Goodwin","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00094-5","article-title":"The interaction of Trypanosoma congolense and Haemonchus contortus in Djallonke sheep","volume":"27","author":"Goossens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(81)90048-7","article-title":"The interaction of Trypanosoma congolense and Haemonchus contortus in two breeds of goats. I. Parasitology","volume":"91","author":"Griffin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Commun. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(81)90049-9","article-title":"The interaction of Trypanosoma congolense and Haemonchus contortus infection in two breeds of goats. II. Haematology","volume":"91","author":"Griffin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Commun. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(76)90110-7","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei: a rapid \u2018matching\u2019 method for estimating the host\u2019s parasitaemia","volume":"40","author":"Herbert","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB14","unstructured":"Ishiwata, K., Uchiyama, F., Maruyama, H., Kobayashi, T., Kurokawa, M., Nawa, Y., 1999. Glycoconjugates and host\u2013parasite relationship in the mucosal defense against intestinal nematodes. In: Ogra, P.L., Mestecky, J., Lamm, M.E., Strober, W., Bienenstock, J., McGhee, J.R. (Eds.), Mucosal Immunology, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 925\u2013933."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(92)90157-5","article-title":"The interaction of Trypanosoma congolense and Haemonchus contortus infections in trypanotolerant N\u2019Dama cattle","volume":"43","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(83)90032-2","article-title":"Strongyloides ratti: the role of enteral antigenic stimuli by adult worms in the generation of protective immunity in rats","volume":"55","author":"Korenaga","year":"1983","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00306.x","article-title":"Protective mechanisms against the intestinal nematode Strongyloides venezuelensis in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice","volume":"22","author":"Maruyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00358.x","article-title":"Selective effector mechanisms for the expulsion of intestinal helminths","volume":"16","author":"Nawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830211022","article-title":"Bidirectional activating signals between Trypanosoma brucei and CD8+ T cells: a trypanosome-released factor triggers interferon-\u03b3 production that stimulates parasite growth","volume":"21","author":"Olsson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90400-K","article-title":"CD8 is critically involved in lymphocyte activation by a Trypanosoma brucei brucei released molecule","volume":"72","author":"Olsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB21","unstructured":"Onah, D.N., 1992. Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi (Steel, 1881): immune responses and immunosuppression during experimental infection in sheep. Ph.D. Thesis. Edinburgh University."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2000.38.4.209","article-title":"Mucosal immunity against parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes","volume":"38","author":"Onah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kor. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00071-5","article-title":"Trypanosome-induced suppression of responses to Trichinella spiralis in vaccinated mice","volume":"29","author":"Onah","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(00)00177-X","article-title":"Murine model study of the practical implication of trypanosome-induced immunosuppression in vaccine-based disease control programmes","volume":"74","author":"Onah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(74)90050-2","article-title":"The effect of Plasmodium berghei and Trypanosoma brucei infections on the immune expulsion of the nematode Trichuris muris from mice","volume":"4","author":"Phillips","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB26","first-page":"650","article-title":"The blood incubation infectivity test: a simple test which may distinguish Trypanosoma brucei from T. rhodesiense","volume":"42","author":"Rickman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.1.269","article-title":"Impairment of tetanus toxoid-specific Th1-like immune responses in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"173","author":"Sabin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90173-K","article-title":"Strongyloides venezuelensis infections in mice","volume":"20","author":"Sato","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.7.2910","article-title":"Characterization of T helper cell responses to the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein","volume":"150","author":"Schleifer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB30","unstructured":"Soulsby, E.J.L., 1982. Helminth, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals, 7th ed. Bailliere Tindall, London."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(73)90083-7","article-title":"Immunosuppression in Trypanosoma brucei infections in rats and mice","volume":"67","author":"Urquhart","year":"1973","journal-title":"Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(99)00006-9","article-title":"Immune responses against protozoal and nematodal infection in mice with underlying Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"48","author":"Yoshida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401703003625?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401703003625?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T18:07:49Z","timestamp":1682618869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304401703003625"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0304401703003625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-4017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-4017","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}