{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:09:41Z","timestamp":1790096981764,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,22]],"date-time":"2005-07-22T12:00:15Z","timestamp":1122033615000},"page":"157-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Public health aspects of dirofilariasis in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"J.H.","family":"Theis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1965.14.117","article-title":"A human case of Dirofilaria immitis infection","volume":"14","author":"Abadie","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib2","first-page":"655","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial lesions in canine dirofilariasis","volume":"22","author":"Adcock","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib3","first-page":"23","article-title":"Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in the brain of a cat \u2013 Review and case report","volume":"33","author":"Ader","year":"1979","journal-title":"California Veterinarian"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib4","first-page":"181","article-title":"Infectious pulmonary nodules mimicking lung carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Allison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1990.11812459","article-title":"Seroepidemiological studies on human pulmonary dirofilariasis in Spain","volume":"84","author":"Alvarez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1974.11686970","article-title":"Application of the indirect fluorescent antibody test on sections of adult filariae to the serodiagnosis, epidemiology, and post-therapeutic surveillance of human filariasis","volume":"68","author":"Ambrose-Thomas","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.102.3.851","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis. The largest single-hospital experience","volume":"102","author":"Asimacopoulos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.116.20.539","article-title":"Experimental production of lesions in canine pulmonary arteries similar to those produced by Dirofilaria immitis infection","volume":"116","author":"Atwell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib9","first-page":"395","article-title":"Early pulmonary lesions caused by dead Dirofilaria immitis in dogs exposed to homologous antigens","volume":"67","author":"Atwell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib10","first-page":"445","article-title":"Solitary and bilateral pulmonary nodules due to Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"112","author":"Awe","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1974.23.595","article-title":"Zoonotic onchocercosis in a resident of Illinois and observations on the identification of Onchocerca species","volume":"23","author":"Beaver","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1965.14.1010","article-title":"Human infection with filariae of animals in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Beaver","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib13","first-page":"681","article-title":"Parasite in eye of a dog","volume":"2","author":"Beller","year":"1962","journal-title":"Sm. An. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib14","first-page":"262","article-title":"Removal of intraocular Dirofilaria immitis with subsequent corneal scarring","volume":"9","author":"Bellhorn","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.198.6.665b","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis cause of pulmonary nodular disease","volume":"198","author":"Beskin","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib16","first-page":"867","article-title":"Aberrant location of Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"65","author":"Bistner","year":"1970","journal-title":"Vet. Med.\/SAC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib17","first-page":"787","article-title":"Recurring tetraparesis attributable to a heartworm in the epidural space of a dog","volume":"194","author":"Blass","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(90)90762-U","article-title":"Bilateral pulmonary nodules caused by Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"50","author":"Bradham","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib19","first-page":"49","article-title":"Observations on the dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"1939","journal-title":"North Am. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32032-0","article-title":"Angles at branching and the diameters of pulmonary arteries in relation to the distribution of pulmonary lesions in canine dirofilariasis","volume":"35","author":"Buoro","year":"1983","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1977.tb00582.x","article-title":"Femoral artery occlusion by Dirofilaria immitis in a dog","volume":"XVIII","author":"Burt","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Radiol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib22","first-page":"209","article-title":"Intraocular dirofilariasis in dogs","volume":"14","author":"Carastro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib23","first-page":"158","article-title":"Human pulmonary dirofilariasis in the west","volume":"134","author":"Ciferri","year":"1981","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib24","first-page":"547","article-title":"Diagnosis of human pulmonary dirofilariasis","volume":"134","author":"Ciferri","year":"1981","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.302","article-title":"Human pulmonary dirofilariasis in the United States: A critical review","volume":"31","author":"Ciferri","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib26","first-page":"431","article-title":"Heartworm disease manifested by encephalomyelitis and myositis in a dog","volume":"190","author":"Cooley","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib27","first-page":"453","article-title":"Managing solitary pulmonary nodules: The choice of strategy is a \u201cclose call\u201d","volume":"134","author":"Cummings","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib28","first-page":"490","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis in the brain and heart of a cat from Massachusetts","volume":"12","author":"Cusick","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930160304","article-title":"Solitary lung nodule due to Dirofilaria immitis (dog \u201cheartworm\u201d)","volume":"16","author":"Darrow","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1961.10.37","article-title":"A case of dirofilariasis involving the lung","volume":"10","author":"Dashiell","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib31","first-page":"437","article-title":"Human pulmonary dirofilariasis. A case report and review of literature","volume":"112","author":"Dayal","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib32","first-page":"193","article-title":"Descripc\u00e0o de uma especie de filarias encontradas no corac\u00e0o humano, precedida de uma contribuic\u00e2o para o estudo de filariose de Wucherer e do respectivo parasita aduto, a Filaria Bancrofti (Cobbold ou Filaria sanguinis hominis (Lewis)","volume":"3","author":"De Magalhaes","year":"1887","journal-title":"Rev dos cursos praticos e theorico de faculd de Med. do Rio de Janeiro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(74)90118-7","article-title":"Dirofilariasis as a cause of eosinophilic meningitis in man diagnosed by immunofluorescence and arthus hypersensitivity","volume":"68","author":"Dobson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib34","first-page":"518","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis in the brains of a dog and a cat","volume":"164","author":"Donahoe","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib35","first-page":"1020","article-title":"The solitary nodule (coin lesion) of the lung: An analysis of 52 consecutive cases treated by thoracotomy and a study of preoperative diagnostic accuracy","volume":"88","author":"Edwards","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am. J. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib36","first-page":"71","article-title":"Interdigital cyst in the dog caused by an adult Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"26","author":"Elkins","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(67)90060-0","article-title":"Studies on the transfer of infective Brugia pahangi larvae from vector mosquitoes to the mammalian host","volume":"61","author":"Ewert","year":"1967","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(67)90129-0","article-title":"The fate of Brugia pahangi larvae immediately after feeding by infective vector mosquitoes","volume":"61","author":"Ewert","year":"1967","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib39","first-page":"599","article-title":"Incidental findings of Dirofilaria immitis in domestic cats","volume":"69","author":"Faries","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vet. Med.\/Sm. An. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2307\/3272656","article-title":"Discovery of human heartworm Infection in New Orleans","volume":"27","author":"Faust","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1148\/108.2.311","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm) as a cause of a pulmonary lesion in man","volume":"108","author":"Feld","year":"1973","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib42","first-page":"331","article-title":"\u00dcber versuche an Hundefilarien und deren \u00dcbertragung durch M\u00fccken","volume":"8","author":"F\u00fclleborn","year":"1908","journal-title":"Arch. F\u00fcr Schiffs Tropen Hyg., Beiheft"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.66.1.92","article-title":"Human pulmonary dirofilariasis","volume":"66","author":"Gershwin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib44","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Serologic pattern of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection","volume":"45","author":"Glickman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90003-3","article-title":"Serologic diagnosis of zoonotic pulmonary dirofilariasis","volume":"80","author":"Glickman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.210.11.1635","article-title":"Ultrasonographic identification of Dirofilaria immitis in the aorta and liver of a dog","volume":"210","author":"Goggin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1964.00280110082016","article-title":"Pulmonary infarct secondary to Dirofilaria larvae","volume":"113","author":"Goodman","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.49.6.590","article-title":"Non-specific fluorescent whitener stains in the rapid recognition of pulmonary dirofilariasis. A report of 20 cases","volume":"49","author":"Green","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036260","article-title":"Epidemiology of canine heartworm infection","volume":"5","author":"Grieve","year":"1983","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib50","first-page":"66","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of antibody responses to Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs","volume":"42","author":"Grieve","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.150.4.873","article-title":"Complications associated with thoracentesis. A prospective, randomized study comparing three different methods","volume":"150","author":"Grogan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.105.2.627","article-title":"Bilateral pneumothorax after percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy","volume":"105","author":"Gruden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.186.2.8421743","article-title":"Determining the likelihood of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules with bayesian analysis. Part I: theory","volume":"186","author":"Gurney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib54","first-page":"355","article-title":"Angiocardiography in canine dirofilariasis. II Utilization of a rapid film change technique","volume":"136","author":"Hahn","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(83)90075-9","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis: Performance and standardization of specific antibody immunoassays for filariasis","volume":"56","author":"Hamilton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/43.3.224","article-title":"Dirofilariasis of human lung","volume":"43","author":"Harrison","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib57","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy. A case report","volume":"29","author":"Hawkins","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.12935\/jvma1951.27.2","article-title":"Seven cases of paradoxical embolism due to canine filariae","volume":"27","author":"Hayasaki","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06093-6","article-title":"Early lung cancer action project: overall design and findings from baseline screening","volume":"354","author":"Henschke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)39772-7","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis","volume":"67","author":"Hoch","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib61","first-page":"71","article-title":"An aortic occlusion in a dog caused by heartworms","volume":"28","author":"Hoerlein","year":"1972","journal-title":"Auburn Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)42757-8","article-title":"Survival rates in peripheral bronchogenic carcinomas up to four centimeters in diameter presenting as solitary pulmonary nodules","volume":"57","author":"Jackman","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1972.21.521","article-title":"Experimental infection of the Gibbon (Hylobates lar) with Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"21","author":"Johnsen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.143.6.1259","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis and transitional cell carcinoma benign lung nodules mimicking metastatic malignant neoplasms","volume":"143","author":"Kahn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib65","first-page":"656","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis diagnosed by computerised tomography scan controlled percutaneous needle aspiration","volume":"15","author":"Kelly","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2002.17.5.686","article-title":"The first human case of hepatic dirofilariasis","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib67","first-page":"107","article-title":"Heartworm heart disease","volume":"vol. 21","author":"Knight","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/84.1.19","article-title":"Human pulmonary dirofilariasis. Report of three cases and brief review of the literature","volume":"84","author":"Kochar","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/26.5.489","article-title":"Yearly change in antibody level to Dirofilaria immitis (Spirurida: Filariidae) among humans exposed naturally to infected mosquitoes","volume":"26","author":"Konishi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms1939.37.379","article-title":"Cerebral infarction caused by Dirofilaria immitis in three dogs","volume":"37","author":"Kotani","year":"1975","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)47453-7","article-title":"On the life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis in the dog as the final host","volume":"111","author":"Kume","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.9.3941","article-title":"Differential expression of IgE and IgG4 specific antibody responses in asymptomatic and chronic human filariasis","volume":"150","author":"Kurniawan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib73","first-page":"41","article-title":"Dog heartworm infection in man","volume":"3","author":"Lau","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198006000-00020","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis: A zoonosis of clinical concern","volume":"73","author":"Levine","year":"1980","journal-title":"Southern Med. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.1997.03.177","article-title":"Management of solitary pulmonary nodules. How to decide when resection is required","volume":"101","author":"Lillington","year":"1997","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200107000-00013","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary nodules: New wine in old bottles","volume":"7","author":"Lillington","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liptay, M.J., 1999. Solitary pulmonary nodules. Treatment options. Chest 116 (6, Suppl.), 517S\u2013518S.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.suppl_3.517S"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib78","first-page":"1501","article-title":"Adult Dirofilaria immitis in the arterial system of a dog","volume":"148","author":"Liu","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198509000-00008","article-title":"An unusual etiology of multiple pulmonary nodules","volume":"20","author":"Lum","year":"1985","journal-title":"Invest. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib80","first-page":"57","article-title":"Posterior paralysis caused by epidural dirofilariasis in a dog","volume":"17","author":"Luttgen","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib81","first-page":"776","article-title":"Feline and canine dirofilarial encephalitis","volume":"159","author":"Mandelker","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00022896","article-title":"Studies on filariasis. III. Dirofilaria immitis emergence of infective larvae from the mouthparts of Aedes aegypti","volume":"48","author":"McGreevy","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.243.10.1066","article-title":"The dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in man. An epidemic pending or in progress?","volume":"243","author":"Merrill","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1971.tb92815.x","article-title":"Human pulmonary dirofilariasis in Queensland","volume":"58","author":"Moorehouse","year":"1971","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01641909","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis: A cause of human intra-ocular infection","volume":"6","author":"Moorehouse","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)00398-0","article-title":"Prospects for lung-cancer screening","volume":"355","author":"Mulshine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib87","first-page":"371","article-title":"Seasonal changes in the levels of anti-Dirofilaria immitis antibodies in an exposed human population","volume":"42","author":"Muro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.61.1.51","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis","volume":"61","author":"Navarrete","year":"1972","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib89","first-page":"266","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis manifested as a coin lesion. Report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"85","author":"Navarrete-Reyna","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib90","series-title":"Pathology of Tropical and Extraordinary Diseases","first-page":"391","article-title":"Dirofilariasis","author":"Neafie","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib91","first-page":"342","article-title":"Human pulmonary dirofilariasis","volume":"92","author":"Neafie","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2307\/3277493","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis in the cerebral arteries of a dog","volume":"56","author":"Olson","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2307\/3275301","article-title":"Morphology of the larval stages of Dirofilaria immitis in the dog","volume":"47","author":"Orihel","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1965.14.1030","article-title":"Morphology and relationship of Dirofilaria tenuis and Dirofilaria conjuctive","volume":"14","author":"Orihel","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib95","first-page":"181","article-title":"Heartworm in dogs","volume":"30","author":"Otto","year":"1949","journal-title":"North. Am. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib96","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium","first-page":"6","article-title":"Occurrence of the heartworm in unusual locations and in unusual hosts","author":"Otto","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib97","first-page":"600","article-title":"Cerebral infarction caused by heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) in a dog","volume":"156","author":"Patton","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.86.5.714","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a percutaenous pneumothorax catheter","volume":"86","author":"Peters","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)63884-2","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm) as a pulmonary lesion in humans","volume":"21","author":"Prioleau","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197704000-00043","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis: Another coin lesion","volume":"70","author":"Riskin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Southern Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(89)90205-0","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis: The great imitator of primary or metastatic lung tumor. A clinicopathologic analysis of seven cases and a review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Ro","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)41354-8","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis in man. A case report and review of the literature","volume":"74","author":"Robinson","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib103","first-page":"74","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis in California","volume":"158","author":"Roy","year":"1993","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib104","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular response during phase of canine heartworm disease: scanning electron microscopic study","volume":"41","author":"Schaub","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1969.10666949","article-title":"Dirofilariasis \u2013 An emerging zoonosis?","volume":"19","author":"Schlotthauer","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib106","first-page":"14","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis in the eye and in an interdigital cyst","volume":"107","author":"Schnelle","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib107","first-page":"35","article-title":"Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital weekly clinicopathological exercises Case 26-1974","volume":"291","author":"Scully","year":"1974","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib108","first-page":"723","article-title":"Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital weekly clinicopathological exercises Case 13-1979","volume":"300","author":"Scully","year":"1979","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib109","first-page":"752","article-title":"Cerebral vascular accident caused by Dirofilaria immitis in a dog","volume":"14","author":"Segedy","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Am. An. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1964.11695320","article-title":"Solitary or \u201ccoin\u201d lesions of the lung. Analysis of 2258 recorded cases","volume":"36","author":"Seybold","year":"1964","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib111","first-page":"886","article-title":"The significance of the isolated pulmonary nodule","volume":"33","author":"Sharp","year":"1950","journal-title":"Minnesota Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib112","first-page":"1340","article-title":"Clinical reports: Epidural dirofilariasis causing paraparesis in a dog","volume":"180","author":"Shires","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib113","first-page":"1","article-title":"CT of the solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"135","author":"Siegelman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib114","first-page":"106","article-title":"A seroepidemiologic survey of human dirofilariasis in western Spain","volume":"42","author":"Simon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib115","first-page":"717","article-title":"Adult heartworms in arteries and veins of a dog","volume":"170","author":"Slonka","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib116","first-page":"516","article-title":"Pulmonary dirofilariasis in humans \u2013 pneumonitis that evolved to a lung nodule","volume":"145","author":"Smith","year":"1986","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.68.2.274","article-title":"Human pulmonary dirofilariasis entry method of infective larvae","volume":"68","author":"Southgate","year":"1975","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196804112781508","article-title":"Solitary pulmonary lesion due to Dirofilaria","volume":"278","author":"Spear","year":"1968","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swanson, S.J., Jaklitsch, M.T., Mentzer, S.J., Bueno, R., Lukanich, J.M., Sugarbaker, D.J., 1999. Management of the solitary pulmonary nodule. Role of thoracoscopy in diagnosis and therapy. Chest 116 (6, Suppl.), 523S\u2013524S.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.suppl_3.523S"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.988","article-title":"Dirofilaria in the abdominal cavity of a man in Japan","volume":"28","author":"Tada","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.292","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative changes in the humoral response of dogs through the course of infection with Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"34","author":"Tamashiro","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.53.3.369","article-title":"Coin lesions of the lung due to Dirofilaria immitis. Report of a case","volume":"53","author":"Tannehill","year":"1968","journal-title":"Dis. Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib123","first-page":"415","article-title":"Angiocardiography in canine heartworm disease","volume":"31","author":"Tashjian","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.317","article-title":"Case report: Unusual location of Dirofilaria immitis in a 28-year-old man necessitates orchiectomy","volume":"64","author":"Theis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib125","first-page":"373","article-title":"Heartworm invasion of the canine eye","volume":"59","author":"Thornton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mod. Vet. Prac."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib126","first-page":"265","article-title":"Studies on paradoxical embolization with Dirofilaria immitis in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Tomimura","year":"1969","journal-title":"Kiseichugaku Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19830201)51:3<534::AID-CNCR2820510328>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"The coin lesion of the lung. A review of 955 resected coin lesions","volume":"51","author":"Toomes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.66.3.236","article-title":"The management and evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"66","author":"Trunk","year":"1974","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.199.1.45","article-title":"Human pulmonary dirofilariasis manifesting as a \u201ccoin\u201d lesion. A case report","volume":"199","author":"Tuazon","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib130","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease Symposium, 2001","first-page":"111","article-title":"Relative utility of echocardiography, radiography, serologic testing and microfilariae counts to predict adult worm burden in dogs naturally infected with heartworms","author":"Venco","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.134.2.1185","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to parasite antigens found in the serum of Dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs","volume":"134","author":"Weil","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(74)90070-4","article-title":"The prevalence of antibodies to Dirofilaria immitis in aboriginal and Caucasian Australians","volume":"68","author":"Welch","year":"1974","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.169.3.3055026","article-title":"Percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy","volume":"169","author":"Westcott","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib134","first-page":"328","article-title":"Pulmonary arteriotomy for removal of Dirofilaria immitis in the dog","volume":"136","author":"Wilcox","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(74)90072-8","article-title":"Experimental dirofilariasis in macaques susceptibility and host responses to Dirofilaria immitis, the dog heartworm","volume":"68","author":"Wong","year":"1974","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.63.2.149","article-title":"Aspiration biopsy in diagnosis of pulmonary nodule","volume":"63","author":"Zelch","year":"1973","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401705001482?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401705001482?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T19:39:51Z","timestamp":1706384391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304401705001482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0304401705001482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-4017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-4017","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}}}