{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T09:09:54Z","timestamp":1775380194954,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,22]],"date-time":"2006-08-22T12:03:03Z","timestamp":1156248183000},"page":"223-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["PCR for the identification and differentiation of Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis spp."],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Grabensteiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0782-5","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Blastocystis isolates from birds by PCR with diagnostic primers and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene","volume":"89","author":"Abe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib2","first-page":"214","article-title":"Macroscopic differentiation of lesions of Histomonas and Trichomonas in turkeys","volume":"2","author":"Allen","year":"1941","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60206-7","article-title":"Blastocystis in humans and animals\u2014morphology, biology, and epizootiology","volume":"32","author":"Boreham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.11.003","article-title":"Cryptic species within the Tetratrichomonas gallinarum species complex revealed by molecular polymorphism","volume":"128","author":"Cepicka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1637\/7175-030404R","article-title":"Histomoniasis in the bursa of fabricius of chickens","volume":"48","author":"Cortes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib6","first-page":"85","article-title":"Trichomonas gallinae (in the state of Rio Grande do Sul Rivolta, 1878) Stabler, 1938, from the upper digestive tract of the common pigeon, Columba livia, Brasil\u2014first register","volume":"1","author":"De Carli","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Biol. Leopoldensia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/0307945031000097903","article-title":"An outbreak of histomoniasis in free-range layer hens","volume":"32","author":"Esquenet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(49)80013-0","article-title":"Infectious enterohepatitis (blackhead) in turkeys: a comparative study of methods of infection","volume":"59","author":"Farmer","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00930910","article-title":"Experimental infections with Chilomastix gallinarum, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, and Tritrichomonas eberthi","volume":"77","author":"Friedhoff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00185.x","article-title":"Phylogenetic position of the trichomonad parasite of turkeys, Histomonas meleagridis (Smith) Tyzzer, inferred from small subunit rRNA sequence","volume":"48","author":"Gerbod","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"The avenue and development of tissue infection in intestinal trichomoniasis","volume":"168","author":"Hadely","year":"1916","journal-title":"Rhod. Isl. Agric. Exp. Station Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1637\/7341-020805R.1","article-title":"Comparison of the specificity and sensitivity of PCR, nested PCR, and real-time PCR for the diagnosis of histomoniasis","volume":"49","author":"Hafez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib13","series-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Turkey Diseases","isbn-type":"print","first-page":"254","article-title":"Diagnostic investigations on Histomonas meleagridis following a severe outbreak in a turkey flock","author":"Hess","year":"2004","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/3938026154"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clonal cultures of Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis sp. established through micromanipulation","author":"Hess","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.012","article-title":"Detection of Histomonas meleagridis in turkeys caecal droppings by PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence","volume":"131","author":"Huber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0440215","article-title":"Pathogenicity studies on Trichomonas gallinarum in domestic poultry","volume":"44","author":"Kemp","year":"1964","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0451296","article-title":"Studies on the etiology of blackhead disease: the roles of Histomonas meleagridis and Candida albicans in the Unites States","volume":"45","author":"Kemp","year":"1966","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2307\/1588284","article-title":"Staining techniques for differential diagnosis of histomoniasis and mycosis in domestic poultry","volume":"10","author":"Kemp","year":"1966","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib19","first-page":"53","article-title":"Studies on pathogenicity of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in mice and turkey poults","volume":"43","author":"Kulda","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000044243","article-title":"Changes in the ultrastructure of the caecum of chickens caused by Trichomonas gallinarum","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"1972","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib21","unstructured":"Liebhart, D., Weissenb\u00f6ck, H., Hess, M., in press. In situ hybridization targeting the 18S rRNA gene of Histomonas meleagridis in tissue samples for identification and differentiation of the parasite from other microorganisms. J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib22","series-title":"Diseases of Poultry","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Other protozoan diseases of the intestinal tract\u2014histomoniasis (Blackhead)","author":"McDougald","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.1.348-355.2005","article-title":"Molecular phylogenies of blastocystis isolates from different hosts: implications for genetic diversity, identification of species, and zoonosis","volume":"43","author":"No\u00ebl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.2307\/1592159","article-title":"Pathogenicity of a strain of Trichomonas gallinarum in turkeys and its possible interaction with cecal coccidia","volume":"41","author":"Norton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"An infectious disease among turkeys caused by protozoa (infectious entero-hepatitis)","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"1895","journal-title":"US Dept. Agric., Bur. Ann. Ind. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(54)90035-1","article-title":"Trichomonas gallinae: a review","volume":"3","author":"Stabler","year":"1954","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.4.563","article-title":"Blastocysts hominis revisited","volume":"9","author":"Stenzel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib28","first-page":"502","article-title":"Obserwacje nad hodowlg in vitro Histomonas meleagridis Smith 1895","volume":"8","author":"Stepkowski","year":"1979","journal-title":"Med. Wetery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.017","article-title":"Blastocystis in humans and animals: new insights using modern methodologies","volume":"126","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.2307\/3271065","article-title":"The flagellate character and reclassification of the parasite producing \u201cblackhead\u201d in turkeys-Histomonas (gen.nov) meleagridis (Smith)","volume":"6","author":"Tyzzer","year":"1920","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401706004092?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401706004092?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T23:42:14Z","timestamp":1587166934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304401706004092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0304401706004092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-4017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-4017","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}}}