{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:01:21Z","timestamp":1792627281813,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T02:44:52Z","timestamp":1224038692000},"page":"112-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Sequence heterogeneity in the 18S rRNA gene within Theileria equi and Babesia caballi from horses in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Raksha","family":"Bhoora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Franssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinda C.","family":"Oosthuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan J.","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Zweygarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barend L.","family":"Penzhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans","family":"Jongejan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola E.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-007-9025-1","article-title":"Comparison of polymerase chain reaction methods for the detection of Theileria equi infection using whole blood compared with pre-extracted DNA samples as PCR templates","volume":"39","author":"Alhassan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000068232","article-title":"Phylogeny and evolution of the piroplasms","volume":"108","author":"Allsopp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1373.076","article-title":"Molecular sequence evidence for the reclassification of some Babesia species","volume":"1081","author":"Allsopp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00049-7","article-title":"Molecular detection of Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in horse blood by PCR amplification of part of the 16S rRNA gene","volume":"84","author":"Bashiruddin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00131-0","article-title":"Detection of natural infection of Boophilus microplus with Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in Brazilian horses using nested polymerase chain reaction","volume":"107","author":"Battsetseg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030148","article-title":"Genome sequence of Babesia bovis and comparative analysis of apicomplexan hemoprotozoa","volume":"3","author":"Brayton","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(96)01074-6","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies against Babesia caballi and Babesia equi and their application in serodiagnosis","volume":"68","author":"Bruning","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.03.031","article-title":"A quantitative PCR assay for the detection and quantification of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina","volume":"147","author":"Buling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.7.216","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in horses in the Netherlands","volume":"162","author":"Butler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00105-3","article-title":"The beta-tubulin gene of Babesia and Theileria parasites is an informative marker for species discrimination","volume":"30","author":"Caccio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.11.2748-2755.1996","article-title":"Monitoring Babesia bovis infections in cattle by using PCR-based tests","volume":"34","author":"Calder","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00183-0","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity in the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene variable (V4) region among and within geographic isolates of Theileria from cattle, elk and white-tailed deer","volume":"75","author":"Chae","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050651","article-title":"A study of the systematics of Theileria spp. based upon small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences","volume":"85","author":"Chae","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099004321","article-title":"Theileria parva ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences exhibit extensive polymorphism and mosaic evolution: application to characterization of parasites from cattle and buffalo","volume":"118","author":"Collins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.004","article-title":"New data on epizootiology and genetics of piroplasms based on sequences of small ribosomal subunit and cytochrome b genes","volume":"142","author":"Criado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.11.015","article-title":"The \u201cexpanding universe\u201d of piroplasms","volume":"119","author":"Criado-Fornelio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00078-5","article-title":"Molecular studies on Babesia, Theileria and Hepatozoon in southern Europe. Part I. Epizootiological aspects","volume":"113","author":"Criado-Fornelio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90136-A","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of the rRNA genes and flanking regions from Babesia bovis: use of the genes as strain discriminating probes","volume":"43","author":"Dalrymple","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib20","first-page":"99","article-title":"The transovarial transmission of Babesia caballi by Hyalomma truncatum","volume":"57","author":"de Waal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(92)90061-5","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis: a review","volume":"148","author":"de Waal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib22","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis","volume":"vol. 1","author":"de Waal","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.071399","article-title":"Finely orchestrated movements: evolution of the ribosomal RNA genes","volume":"175","author":"Eickbush","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110439","article-title":"Genome sequence of Theileria parva, a bovine pathogen that transforms lymphocytes","volume":"309","author":"Gardner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00488-5","article-title":"Detection of haemoparasites in cattle by reverse line blot hybridisation with a note on the distribution of ticks in Sicily","volume":"99","author":"Georges","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00313-8","article-title":"PCR-RFLP using Ssu-rDNA amplification as an easy method for species-specific diagnosis of Trypanosoma species in cattle","volume":"110","author":"Geysen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1782-1789.1999","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of bovine Theileria and Babesia species by reverse line blot hybridization","volume":"37","author":"Gubbels","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3672135","article-title":"Structurally distinct, stage-specific ribosomes occur in Plasmodium","volume":"238","author":"Gunderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib29","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.1127","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Babesia caballi infection in experimental horses","volume":"60","author":"Hanafusa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0726-1","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi isolates from endemic areas of Brazil","volume":"102","author":"Heim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.03.001","article-title":"Babesiosis: recent insights into an ancient disease","volume":"38","author":"Hunfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00008-4","article-title":"Detection of Babesia caballi infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant 48-kDa merozoite rhoptry protein","volume":"30","author":"Ikadai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.022","article-title":"PCR-RFLP for the detection and differentiation of the canine piroplasm species and its use with filter paper-based technologies","volume":"144","author":"Jefferies","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2285-2290.1999","article-title":"Detection of equine antibodies to Babesia caballi by recombinant B. caballi rhoptry-associated protein 1 in a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"37","author":"Kappmeyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki198","article-title":"MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment","volume":"33","author":"Katoh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00085-1","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of Theileria and Babesia equi in relation to the establishment of parasite populations within novel host species and the development of diagnostic tests","volume":"95","author":"Katzer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.10.023","article-title":"Diagnostic real-time PCR assay for the quantitative detection of Theileria equi from equine blood samples","volume":"151","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.9.2056-2058.1991","article-title":"Detection of equine antibody to Babesia equi merozoite proteins by a monoclonal antibody-based competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"29","author":"Knowles","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.06.025","article-title":"Detection of a Theileria species in dogs in South Africa","volume":"157","author":"Matjila","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050431","article-title":"Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi Mehlhorn, Schein 1998","volume":"84","author":"Mehlhorn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.04.010","article-title":"Detection and identification of equine Theileria and Babesia species by reverse line blotting: epidemiological survey and phylogenetic analysis","volume":"123","author":"Nagore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.05.008","article-title":"Identification, genetic diversity and prevalence of Theileria and Babesia species in a sheep population from Northern Spain","volume":"34","author":"Nagore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00471-X","article-title":"Detection of Babesia equi (Laveran, 1901) by nested polymerase chain reaction","volume":"101","author":"Nicolaiewsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5907","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5907-5911.2005","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Theileria species associated with mortality in four species of African antelopes","volume":"43","author":"Nijhof","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00167-08","article-title":"Identification of a novel Babesia sp. from a sable antelope (Hippotragus niger Harris, 1838)","volume":"46","author":"Oosthuizen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.9.817","article-title":"MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution","volume":"14","author":"Posada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761992000700021","article-title":"Transmission and diagnosis of equine babesiosis in South Africa","volume":"87","author":"Potgieter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00129-8","article-title":"A field evaluation of PCR for the routine detection of Babesia equi in horses","volume":"114","author":"Rampersad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg180","article-title":"MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models","volume":"19","author":"Ronquist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.03.033","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction test for the detection of Theileiria parva infections in Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle","volume":"155","author":"Sibeko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02900361","article-title":"The Staden sequence analysis package","volume":"5","author":"Staden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib53","series-title":"PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4b10","author":"Swofford","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm092","article-title":"MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) Software Version 4.0","volume":"24","author":"Tamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib55","first-page":"51","article-title":"In vitro cultivation of Babesia equi: detection of carrier animals and isolation of parasites","volume":"64","author":"Zweygarth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004_bib56","first-page":"197","article-title":"In vitro isolation of equine piroplasms derived from Cape Mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) in South Africa","volume":"69","author":"Zweygarth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401708005396?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401708005396?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T04:52:24Z","timestamp":1588999944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304401708005396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0304401708005396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-4017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-4017","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}}}