{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:41:45Z","timestamp":1791132105904,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,20]],"date-time":"2011-01-20T04:31:03Z","timestamp":1295497863000},"page":"374-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Correlation between loss of efficacy of macrocyclic lactone heartworm anthelmintics and P-glycoprotein genotype"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Bourguinat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron","family":"Blagburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Schenker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy G.","family":"Geary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger K.","family":"Prichard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00117-1","article-title":"Immunocompetence may be important in the effectiveness of Mectizan (ivermectin) in the treatment of human onchocerciasis","volume":"84","author":"Ali","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003415","article-title":"Identification of variant ABC transporter genes among Onchocerca volvulus collected from treated and untreated patients in Ghana, West Africa","volume":"98","author":"Ardelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.05.006","article-title":"Genomic organization and effects of ivermectin selection on Onchocerca volvulus P-glycoprotein","volume":"143","author":"Ardelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005008991","article-title":"Ivermectin imposes selection pressure on P-glycoprotein from Onchocerca volvulus: linkage disequilibrium and genotype diversity","volume":"132","author":"Ardelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.09.011","article-title":"Characterization of a half-size ATP-binding cassette transporter gene which may be a useful marker for ivermectin selection in Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"145","author":"Ardelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.03.019","article-title":"Reduced genetic variation of an Onchocerca volvulus ABC transporter gene following treatment with ivermectin","volume":"101","author":"Ardelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.03.019","article-title":"Reduced genetic variation of an Onchocerca volvulus ABC transporter gene following treatment with ivermectin","volume":"101","author":"Ardelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003253","article-title":"An investigation of persistent microfilaridermias despite multiple treatments with ivermectin, in two onchocerciasis-endemic foci in Ghana","volume":"98","author":"Awadzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003442","article-title":"Thirty-month follow-up of sub-optimal responders to multiple treatments with ivermectin, in two onchocerciasis-endemic foci in Ghana","volume":"98","author":"Awadzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(88)90163-9","article-title":"Pharmacology of ivermectin","volume":"4","author":"Bennett","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4316","article-title":"Haemonchus contortus: Selection at a glutamate-gated chloride channel gene in ivermectin- and moxidectin-selected strains","volume":"90","author":"Blackhall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00087-5","article-title":"Selection at a P-glycoprotein gene in ivermectin- and moxidectin-selected strains of Haemonchus contortus","volume":"95","author":"Blackhall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0065","unstructured":"Blackhall, W.J., 2000. Genetic variation and multiple mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus. PhD Thesis. Institute of Parasitology, McGill University."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00201-9","article-title":"Selection at a \u03b3-aminobutyric acid receptor gene in Haemonchus contortus resistant to avermectins\/milbemycins","volume":"131","author":"Blackhall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0075","unstructured":"Blagburn B., 2010. In vitro characterization of heartworm prevention failures in the central United States [abstract]. State of the Heartworm Symposium 2010. American Heartworm Society, Wilmington, DE."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.9.279","article-title":"Apparent resistance of Parascaris equorum to macrocylic lactones","volume":"150","author":"Boersema","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourguinat, C., Pion, S.D.S., Kamgno, J., Gardon, J., Duke, B.O.L, Boussinesq, M., Prichard, R.K., 2007. Genetic selection of low fertile Onchocerca volvulus by ivermectin treatment. PLoS Neg. Trop. Dis. 1(1)e72, 12-22.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000072"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2007.11.017","article-title":"P-glycoprotein-like protein, a possible genetic marker for ivermectin resistance selection in Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"158","author":"Bourguinat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.023","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism in Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"176","author":"Bourguinat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0100","article-title":"Effects of long-term administration of ivermectin and milbemycin oxime on circulating microfilariae and parasite antigenemia in dogs with patent heartworm infections","author":"Bowman","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0105","article-title":"Antinematodal drugs","author":"Courtney","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0110","article-title":"The effect of chronic administration of milbemycin oxime and ivermectin on microfilaremias in heartworm-infected dogs","author":"Courtney","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.6.2674","article-title":"The genetics of ivermectin resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"97","author":"Dent","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.01.021","article-title":"A comparison of genetic polymorphism in populations of Onchocerca volvulus from untreated- and ivermectin-treated patients","volume":"142","author":"Eng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2006.08.007","article-title":"Ivermectin selection on \u03b2-tubul: evidence in Onchocerca volvulus and Haemonchus contortus","volume":"150","author":"Eng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01199.x","article-title":"Study of the nematode putative GABA type A receptor subunits: evidence for modulation by ivermectin","volume":"83","author":"Feng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.08.018","article-title":"The identification of cattle nematode parasites resistant to multiple classes of anthelmintics in a commercial cattle population in the US","volume":"166","author":"Gasbarre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.08.019","article-title":"Further characterization of a cattle nematode population with demonstrated resistance to current anthelmintics","volume":"166","author":"Gasbarre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1993.1064","article-title":"Haemonchus contortus: ivermectin-induced paralysis of the pharynx","volume":"77","author":"Geary","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.482","article-title":"Identification of foals infected with Parascaris equorum apparently resistant to ivermectin","volume":"223","author":"Hearn","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAVMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.004","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy of heartworm preventive products at the FDA","volume":"133","author":"Hampshire","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0165","unstructured":"Hedrick P.W., (Ed.), 2005. In: Genetics of Populations, 3rd edition."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.903","article-title":"Prevalence of anthelmintic resistant cyathostomes on horse farms","volume":"225","author":"Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAVMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.08.001","article-title":"Drug resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance: a status report","volume":"20","author":"Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(03)00221-8","article-title":"P-glycoprotein in helminths: function and perspectives for anthelmintic treatment and reversal of resistance","volume":"22","author":"Kerboeuf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00157-5","article-title":"A hybridisation technique to identify anthelmintic resistance genes in Haemonchus","volume":"29","author":"Le Jambre","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2006.10.004","article-title":"Interaction of macrocyclic lactones with P-glycoprotein: structure-affinity relationship","volume":"30","author":"Lespine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0195","article-title":"Heartworm adulticidal activity of prophylactic doses of ivermectin (6\u03bcg\/kg) plus pyrantel administered monthly to dogs","author":"McCall","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.005","article-title":"The safety-net story about macrocyclic lactone heartworm preventives: a review, an update, and recommendations","volume":"133","author":"McCall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.12.384","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistant nematodes in Brazilian horses","volume":"162","author":"Molento","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e3282f4711d","article-title":"Genetic analysis of a relationship between macrocyclic lactone and benzimidazole anthelmintic selection on Haemonchus contortus","volume":"18","author":"Mottier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02379.x","article-title":"Mutations in the extracellular domains of glutamate-gated chloride channel \u03b13 and \u03b2 subunits from ivermectin-resistant Cooperia oncophora affect agonist sensitivity","volume":"89","author":"Njue","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60942-8","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus infection and efficacy of ivermectin after 19 years of treatment in endemic communities in Ghana","volume":"369","author":"Osei-Atweneboana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2.S1.S41","article-title":"Ivermectin resistance and overview of the consortium for anthelmintic resistance SNPs","volume":"2","author":"Prichard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066294","article-title":"The ultrastructure of the anterior end of male Onchocerca volvulus: papillae, amphids, nerve ring and first indication of an excretory system in the adult filarial worm","volume":"113","author":"Strote","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4373","article-title":"Haemonchus contortus: sequence heterogeneity of internucleotide binding domains from P-glycoproteins","volume":"91","author":"Sangster","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0240","unstructured":"Trawford, A.F., Burden, F., Hodgkinson, J., 2005. Suspected moxidectin resistance in cyathostomes in two donkey herds at the Donkey Sanctuary, UK. Abstracts of the 20th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, Christchurch, New Zealand. p. 196."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.07.010","article-title":"Drug resistance in veterinary helminths","volume":"20","author":"Wolstenholme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00215-6","article-title":"Ivermectin resistance in nematodes may be caused by alteration of P-glycoprotein homolog","volume":"91","author":"Xu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401711000574?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401711000574?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]],"date-time":"2019-06-07T20:40:49Z","timestamp":1559940049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304401711000574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0304401711000574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-4017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-4017","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}}}