{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:17:10Z","timestamp":1762521430666,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNLI (Azusa, California)"},{"name":"Steve and Danielle Fitch"},{"name":"Internal Grant Agency of University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno (UPVS), Czech Republic","award":["IGA157\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGA157\/2008"]}]},{"name":"Hl\u00e1vka's Foundation, Czech Republic"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004266","name":"CNCSIS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"S.H.A.D.E. UK"},{"name":"District Veterinary Office of Marsabit, Kenya"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,3]],"date-time":"2011-06-03T16:51:51Z","timestamp":1307119911000},"page":"230-238","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Occurrence of filaria in domestic dogs of Samburu pastoralists in Northern Kenya and its associations with canine distemper"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Albrechtov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Sedl\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kl\u00e1ra J.","family":"Petr\u017eelkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hlav\u00e1\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei D.","family":"Mihalca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Lesingirian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul W.N.","family":"Kanyari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Modr\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","article-title":"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs","volume":"25","author":"Altschul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00109-5","article-title":"Canine filariasis importance and transmission in the Baix Llobregat area, Barcelona (Spain)","volume":"77","author":"Aranda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"year":"2007","series-title":"Drought Monitoring Bulletin","author":"ALRMP II (Arid Land Resource Management Project)","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.09.023","article-title":"Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper","volume":"127","author":"Beineke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.154.23.726","article-title":"Prevalence of Dipetalonema dracunculoides in dogs in Murcia, Spain","volume":"154","author":"Bolio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0030","first-page":"283","article-title":"Clinical findings in dogs parasited by Dipetalonema dracunculoides","volume":"34","author":"Bolio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00904.x","article-title":"Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses","volume":"28","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01689-6","article-title":"Good worms or bad worms: do worm infections affect the epidemiological patterns of other diseases?","volume":"16","author":"Bundy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.06.006","article-title":"A simple molecular method for discriminating common filarial nematodes of dogs (Canis familiaris)","volume":"141","author":"Casiraghi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00207-2","article-title":"Serological and demographic evidence for domestic dogs as a source of canine distemper virus infection for Serengeti wildlife","volume":"72","author":"Cleaveland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00377-0","article-title":"Relationship between microfilaria count and sensitivity of the direct smear for canine dirofilariosis","volume":"94","author":"Courtney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00529-5","article-title":"A prevalence survey and risk analysis of filariosis in dogs from the Mt. Vesusvius area of southern Italy","volume":"102","author":"Cringoli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"year":"2007","series-title":"The R Book","author":"Crawley","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0065"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.04.005","article-title":"Does resistance to filarial reinfections become leaky over time?","volume":"24","author":"Duerr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.291","article-title":"Detection of DNA of nocturnally periodic Brugia malayi in night and day blood samples by a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA-based method using an internal control DNA","volume":"62","author":"Fischer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300310","article-title":"An outbreak of toxoplasmosis in farmed mink (Mustela vison S.)","volume":"13","author":"Frank","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1584-9","article-title":"Detection of dog filariasis in Marajo Island, Brazil by classical and molecular methods","volume":"105","author":"Furtado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.009","article-title":"Is heartworm disease really spreading in Europe?","volume":"133","author":"Genchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0095","first-page":"333","article-title":"Dipetalonema dracunculoides in dogs and spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) in the Turkana District of Kenya","volume":"50","author":"Lightner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Was."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.314","article-title":"A polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Brugia malayi in blood","volume":"51","author":"Lizotte","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"year":"2000","series-title":"Dogs, Zoonoses and Public Health","author":"Macpherson","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0105"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(91)90093-4","article-title":"Immunological tolerance: the key feature in human filariasis","volume":"7","author":"Maizels","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00032-8","article-title":"Specific polymerase chain reaction for differential diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum using primers derived from internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2)","volume":"106","author":"Mar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)02526-X","article-title":"Phylogeny of trypanosomes as inferred from the small and large subunit rRNAs: implications for the evolution of parasitism in the trypanosomatid protozoa","volume":"75","author":"Maslov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)00204-2","article-title":"Heartworm disease in animals and humans","volume":"66","author":"McCall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(88)90066-2","article-title":"The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions","volume":"71","author":"Medlin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2007.05.001","article-title":"The development and evaluation of a single step multiplex PCR method for simultaneous detection of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti","volume":"21","author":"Mishra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/030098586400100301","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in distemper-susceptible carnivora","volume":"21","author":"Moller","year":"1964","journal-title":"Pathol. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00175-1","article-title":"The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (1994\u20131996)","volume":"75","author":"Montoya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2545","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002545","article-title":"Climate extremes promote fatal co-infections during canine distemper epidemics in African lions","volume":"3","author":"Munson","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00003825","article-title":"Dipetalonema dracunculoides (Cobbold, 1870) from the dog in Kenya: with a note on its development in the louse-fly, Hippobosca longipennis","volume":"37","author":"Nelson","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(62)90155-4","article-title":"Studies in filariasis in East Africa. II. Filarial infections in man, animals and mosquitoes on the Kenya Coast","volume":"56","author":"Nelson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.02.009","article-title":"Co-infection with subclinical HIV and Wuchereria bancrofti and the role of malaria and hookworms in adult Tanzanians: infection intensities, CD4\/CD8 counts and cytokine responses","volume":"101","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90034-K","article-title":"Experimental transmission of Dipetalonema dracunculoides (Cobbold 1870) by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille 1806)","volume":"47","author":"Olmeda-Garcia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(89)90066-6","article-title":"The acid phosphatase activity and morphological characteristics of Dipetalonema dracunculoides (Cobbold, 1870) microfilariae","volume":"33","author":"Ortega-Mora","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00516-7","article-title":"Histochemical differentiation of Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens and Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides microfilariae by staining with a commercial kit, Leucognost-SP","volume":"102","author":"Peribez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-002-0157-7","article-title":"Protective immunity in human lymphatic filariasis: problems and prospects","volume":"192","author":"Ravindran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1985.187.11.1264","article-title":"Concurrent distemper and disseminated toxoplasmosis in a red fox","volume":"187","author":"Reed","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"year":"2007","series-title":"Mappe parasitologiche. Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in Dog and Cat and Human Infections","author":"Rinaldi","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0195"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.10.013","article-title":"Discrimination between six species of canine microfilariae by a single polymerase chain reaction","volume":"135","author":"Rishniw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1980.176.01.33","article-title":"Risk-factors associated with canine heartworm infection","volume":"176","author":"Selby","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0210","first-page":"23","article-title":"Canine and feline heartworm disease\u2014diagnosis and therapy","volume":"8","author":"Schrey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Waltham Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.09.032","article-title":"Canine distemper virus-induced depletion of uninfected lymphocytes is associated with apoptosis","volume":"104","author":"Schobesberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90394-5","article-title":"The lymphatic pathology of chronic Brugia pahangi infection in the dog","volume":"83","author":"Snowden","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.09.008","article-title":"Onchocercosis: a newly recognised disease in dogs","volume":"151","author":"Sr\u00e9ter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"year":"1995","series-title":"Canine filariosis in California, An Educational Monograph","author":"Theis","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0230"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1997.4168","article-title":"Detection of Loa loa-specific DNA in blood from occult-infected individuals","volume":"86","author":"Tour\u00e9","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0240","unstructured":"WHO, 2006. Guidelines on Standard Operating Procedures for Haematology. http:\/\/searo.who.int\/en\/Section10\/Section17\/Section53\/Section480_1732.htm."},{"year":"2006","series-title":"Veterinary Clinical Parasitology","author":"Zajac","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042_bib0245"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401711004110?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401711004110?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T23:41:27Z","timestamp":1741218087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304401711004110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0304401711004110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-4017"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0304-4017"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}}}