{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:54:31Z","timestamp":1792652071666,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,23]],"date-time":"2014-09-23T11:04:00Z","timestamp":1411470240000},"page":"86-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Safety and efficacy of 10% imidacloprid+2.5% moxidectin for the treatment of Dirofilaria immitis circulating microfilariae in experimentally infected dogs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"John W.","family":"McCall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Arther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendell","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Settje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.572","article-title":"Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin and ivermectin after oral administration to beagle dogs","volume":"28","author":"Al-Azzam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0010","series-title":"Current Canine Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) Infections in Dogs","year":"2014"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-1448-x","article-title":"Imidacloprid plus moxidectin topical solution for the prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs","volume":"97","author":"Arther","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0020","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201892","first-page":"159","article-title":"Post-adulticide milbemycin oxime microfilaricidal activity in dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis","author":"Blagburn","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0025","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201889","first-page":"109","article-title":"Milbemycin: efficacy and toxicity in beagle and collie dogs","author":"Blagburn","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.12.2108","article-title":"Efficacy of ivermectin against Dirofilaria immitis larvae in dogs 31, 60, and 90 days after injection","volume":"41","author":"Blair","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2307\/3280538","article-title":"Suppression of maturation of Dirofilaria immitis in Mustela putorius furo by single dose of ivermectin","volume":"66","author":"Blair","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0040","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201874","first-page":"889","article-title":"Effectiveness of levamisole hydrochloride as an adulticidal drug for Dirofilaria immitis","author":"Boring","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.06.003","article-title":"Heartworm biology, treatment, and control","volume":"39","author":"Bowman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0050","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201892","first-page":"151","article-title":"Effects of long-term administration of ivermectin and milbemycin oxime on circulating microfilariae in dogs with naturally acquired infections","author":"Bowman","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0055","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium \u201801","first-page":"173","article-title":"Effects of avermectins on microfilariae in dogs with existing and developing heartworm larvae","author":"Bowman","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0060","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201889","first-page":"115","article-title":"Dose titration and efficacy of milbemycin oxime for prophylaxis against Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs","author":"Bradley","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0065","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201881","first-page":"122","article-title":"The avermectins: a new family of compounds with activity against Dirofilaria immitis","author":"Campbell","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0070","first-page":"21","article-title":"New developments in parasite prevention","volume":"25","author":"Cruthers","year":"2008","journal-title":"NAVC Vet. Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0075","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201892","first-page":"209","article-title":"Clinical classification of heartworm disease for the purpose of adding objectivity to the assessment of therapeutic efficacy of adulticide drugs in the field","author":"Di Sacco","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0080","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium \u201801","first-page":"135","article-title":"The safety of selamectin in heartworm infected dogs and its effect on adult worms and microfilariae","author":"Dzimianski","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0085","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201889","first-page":"147","article-title":"Assessment of the filaricidal activity of a new filaricide (M 340) against immature and adult heartworms using experimental canine models","author":"Dzimianski","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0090","first-page":"235","article-title":"Toxicological and pharmacological relations between levamisole pyrantel and diethylcarbamazine and their significance in helminth chemotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Forbes","year":"1972","journal-title":"Southeast J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0095","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201889","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effect of dosage and dose timing on heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) chemoprophylaxis with milbemycin","author":"Grieve","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0100","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201892","first-page":"183","article-title":"The safety of moxidectin in dogs infected with microfilariae and adults of Dirofilaria immitis","author":"Hendrix","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0105","series-title":"Canine Heartworm Disease: The Current Knowledge","first-page":"129","article-title":"Some new chemotherapeutic agents for dirofilariasis--A preliminary report","author":"Jackson","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0110","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201874","first-page":"51","article-title":"Treatment of the asymptomatic dog","author":"Jackson","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0115","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201880","first-page":"131","article-title":"Efficacy of avermectins against microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis","author":"Jackson","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0120","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201886","first-page":"15","article-title":"Low dose of ivermectin as a microfilaricide 0.050mg\/kg","author":"Jackson","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0125","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201886","first-page":"37","article-title":"Routine use of 0.05mg\/kg ivermectin as a microfilaricide","author":"Jackson","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0130","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201886","first-page":"19","article-title":"Microfilaricidal efficacy of ivermectin in adulticide treated and untreated heartworm infected dogs","author":"Knight","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0135","series-title":"Canine Heartworm Disease: A Discussion of the Current Knowledge","first-page":"3","article-title":"The use of diethylcarbamazine in prevention of the infection; pathogenesis of allergic shock from the use of diethylcarbamazine","author":"Kume","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0140","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201892","first-page":"143","article-title":"Kinetics of microfilaremia suppression in Dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs during and after a prophylactic regimen of milbemycin oxime","author":"Lok","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0145","series-title":"Heartworm Disease","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.005","article-title":"The safety-net story about macrocyclic lactone heartworm preventives: a review, an update, and recommendations","volume":"133","author":"McCall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0155","first-page":"417","article-title":"Chemoprophylaxis of experimentally induced heartworm and hookworm infections in dogs","volume":"July\/Aug","author":"McCall","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mod. Vet. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)00204-2","article-title":"Heartworm disease in animals and humans","volume":"66","author":"McCall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0165","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium \u201801","first-page":"189","article-title":"Further evidence of clinical prophylactic retroactive (reach-back) and adulticidal activity of monthly administration of ivermectin (Heartgard Plus) in dogs experimentally infected with heartworms","author":"McCall","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0170","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201880","first-page":"126","article-title":"Prophylactic activity of avermectins against experimentally induced Dirofilaria immitis infections in dogs","author":"McCall","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0175","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201892","first-page":"169","article-title":"Prevention of naturally acquired heartworm infection in heartworm-naive beagles by oral administration of moxidectin at an interval of either one or two months","author":"McCall","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0180","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium \u201898","first-page":"209","article-title":"Heartworm adulticidal activity of prophylactic doses of ivermectin (6 mcg\/kg) plus pyrantel administered monthly to dogs","author":"McCall","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0185","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium \u201801","first-page":"165","article-title":"Evaluation of retroactive and adulticidal activity of moxidectin canine SR (sustained release) injectable formulation against Dirofilaria immitis in beagles","author":"McCall","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0190","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201892","first-page":"165","article-title":"Prevention of experimental heartworm infection in dogs with single oral doses of moxidectin","author":"McTier","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00297-1","article-title":"Prevention of experimentally induced heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections in dogs and cats with a single topical application of selamectin","volume":"91","author":"McTier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0200","series-title":"Immiticide Sterile Powder Product Insert NADA 141-042","author":"Merial","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0205","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201889","first-page":"95","article-title":"Clinical experience with ivermectin used as a microfilaricide and for prophylaxis in the dog","author":"Neer","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0210","first-page":"87","article-title":"The treatment of canine filariasis","volume":"8","author":"Otto","year":"1952","journal-title":"Auburn Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0215","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201883","first-page":"153","article-title":"Clearance of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs using 200mcg\/kg ivermectin subcutaneously","author":"Plue","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0220","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201886","first-page":"29","article-title":"Safety and acceptability of ivermectin in dogs with acquired patent infection of Dirofilaria immitis","author":"Schlotthauer","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.2307\/3276972","article-title":"Comparison of early Litomosoides carinii infections in cotton rats and gerbils","volume":"54","author":"Schneider","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0230","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium \u201886","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ivermectin vs. heartworm\u2014a status update","author":"Seward","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0235","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium","first-page":"85","article-title":"A new approach to the treatment of heartworm disease in dogs","author":"Tulloch","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0240","series-title":"Canine Heartworm Disease: The Current Knowledge","first-page":"109","article-title":"Diethylcarbamazine chemoprophylaxis for canine dirofilariasis experimentally induced by multiple infections","author":"Tulloch","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1970.31.03.437","article-title":"Prepatent clinical, pathologic, and serologic changes in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis and treated with diethylcarbamazine","volume":"31","author":"Tulloch","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0250","first-page":"27","article-title":"Canine heartworm disease in Japan: screening of selected drugs against Dirofilaria immitis in vivo","volume":"30","author":"Warne","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011_bib0255","first-page":"151","article-title":"An effective new microfilaricide for heartworms","volume":"1","author":"Yarborough","year":"1961","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401714004968?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401714004968?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T19:32:32Z","timestamp":1746387152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304401714004968"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0304401714004968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-4017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-4017","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Safety and efficacy of 10% imidacloprid+2.5% moxidectin for the treatment of Dirofilaria immitis circulating microfilariae in experimentally infected dogs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}