{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:50:51Z","timestamp":1787871051257,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T11:45:47Z","timestamp":1590061547000},"page":"109131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Treatment of dogs with severe heartworm disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"283","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3865-6123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa K.","family":"Ames","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarke E.","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0005","series-title":"Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Heartworm Infection in Dogs","author":"American Heartworm Society (AHS) 2018 Guideline Committee","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109099","article-title":"Non-arsenical Heartworm Adulticidetherapy Using Topical Moxidectin-imidacloprid and Doxycycline","author":"Ames","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Parasit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1988.49.03.403","article-title":"Pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction in experimentally induced heartworm caval syndrome in dogs: an echocardiographic study","volume":"49","author":"Atkins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0020","first-page":"103","article-title":"The effect of oral, low-dose prednisolone on the extent of pulmonary pathology associated with dead Dirofilaria immitis in a canine lung model","author":"Atwell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Heartworm Society Symposium"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0025","first-page":"395","article-title":"Early pulmonary lesions caused by dead Dirofilaria immitis in dogs exposed to homologous antigens","volume":"67","author":"Atwell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Path."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0030","first-page":"159","article-title":"Post-adulticide milbemycin oxime microfilaricidal activity in dogs naturally infected with dirofilaria immitis","author":"Blagburn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Heartworm Symposium"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.2.187","article-title":"Outcome of minimally invasive surgical treatment of heartworm caval syndrome in dogs: 42 cases (1999\u20132007)","volume":"236","author":"Bov\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.06.003","article-title":"Heartworm biology, treatment, and control","volume":"39","author":"Bowman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001","article-title":"Macrocyclic lactones and Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae","volume":"26","author":"Bowman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0050","first-page":"151","article-title":"Effects of long-term administration of ivermectin and milbemycin oxime oncirculating microfilariae in dogs with naturally acquired infections","author":"Bowman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Heartworm Society Symposium"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0055","series-title":"Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology","first-page":"702","article-title":"Canine heartworm disease","author":"Calvert","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.01.005","article-title":"Variation of D-dimer values as assessment of pulmonary thromboembolism during adulticide treatment of heartworm disease in dogs","volume":"195","author":"Carret\u00f3n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588201900402","article-title":"Light and electron microscopic pulmonary lesions associated with retained microfilariae in canine occult Dirofilariasis","volume":"19","author":"Castleman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.03.006","article-title":"Anticoagulant activity of oral rivaroxaban in healthy dogs","volume":"223","author":"Conversy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328332bcdb","article-title":"Nitric oxide, oxidative stress and inflammation in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Crosswhite","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0080","first-page":"113","article-title":"Influence of number of parasites and exercise On the severity of heartworm disease in dogs","author":"Dillon","year":"1995","journal-title":"the Proceedings of the American Heart Worm Society Symposium"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020000104","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis possesses molecules with anticoagulant properties in its excretory\/secretory antigens","volume":"147","author":"Diosdado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.07.008","article-title":"Persistence of pulmonary endarteritis in canine heartworm infection 10 months after the eradication of adult parastes of Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"273","author":"Falc\u00f3n-Cord\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0095","first-page":"2395","article-title":"Phase I clinical trial of an antithrombotic drug protocol combining apixaban and clopidogrel in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Gagnon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00388.x","article-title":"Pulmonary thromboembolism","volume":"19","author":"Goggs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care San Antonio (San Antonio)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124445","article-title":"Fibrinolysis and proliferative endarteritis: two related processes in chronic infections? The model of the blood-borne pathogen Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"10","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Miguel","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.252.9.1084","article-title":"Effects of milbemycin oxime, combined with spinosad, when administered orally to microfilaremic dogs infected with adult heartworms","volume":"252","author":"Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2307\/3282910","article-title":"Experimental Dirofilaria immitis-associated glomerulonephritis induced in part by in situ formation of immune complexes in the glomerular capillary wall","volume":"75","author":"Grauer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.1456","article-title":"Neurologic complications after melarsomine dihydrochloride treatment for Dirofilaria immitis in three dogs","volume":"223","author":"Hettlich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02192.x","article-title":"Pulmonary thromboembolism in 29 dogs: 1985-1995","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1983.44.02.181","article-title":"Early arterial injury-induced myointimal proliferation in canine pulmonary arteries","volume":"44","author":"Keith","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.021","article-title":"Evaluation of lung pathology in Dirofilaria immitis-experimentally infected dogs treated with doxycycline or a combination of doxycycline and ivermectin before administration of melarsomine dihydrochloride","volume":"176","author":"Kramer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.245993","article-title":"In vitro assessment of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions of direct oral anticoagulants: type 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors are inhibitors of rivaroxaban and apixaban efflux by p-glycoprotein","volume":"365","author":"Margelidon-Cozzolino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)00204-2","article-title":"Heartworm disease in animals and humans","volume":"66","author":"McCall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Parasit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.011","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of 10% imidacloprid + 2.5% moxidectin for the treatment of Dirofilaria immitis circulating microfilariae in experimentally infected dogs","volume":"206","author":"McCall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00297-1","article-title":"Prevention of experimentally induced heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections in dogs and cats with a single topical application of selamectin","volume":"91","author":"McTier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0160","first-page":"39","article-title":"Efficacy of oral moxidectin against susceptible and resistant isolates of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs","volume":"10","author":"McTier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0165","first-page":"47","article-title":"Microfilarial reduction following ProHeart\u00ae 6 and ProHeart\u00ae SR-12 treatment in dogs experimentally inoculated with a resistant isolate of Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"10","author":"McTier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0170","series-title":"Immiticide\u00ae [package insert], Duluth, Georgia: Merial Inc","author":"Merial Inc","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0175","series-title":"Viagra\u00ae [prescribing information]","author":"Pfizer Inc","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1990.tb03125.x","article-title":"Pulmonary arteriography and hemodynamics during feline heartworm disease: effect of aspirin","volume":"4","author":"Rawlings","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0185","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thiacetarsamide (adulticide) versus melarsomine (RM 340) developed as macrofilaricide (adulticide and larvicide) to cure canine heartworm infection in dogs","volume":"23","author":"Raynaud","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Rech. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2011.00364.x","article-title":"Effect of prednisone administration on coagulation variables in healthy Beagle dogs","volume":"40","author":"Rose","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3264-z","article-title":"Efficacy and side effects of doxycycline versus minocycline in the three-dose melarsomine canine adulticidal heartworm treatment protocol","volume":"11","author":"Savadelis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.07.1082","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular response during phases of canine heartworm disease: Scanning electron microscopy study","volume":"41","author":"Schaub","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0205","first-page":"13","article-title":"Platelet adhesion and myointimal proliferation in canine pulmonary arteries","volume":"104","author":"Schaub","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12066","article-title":"Anaphylaxis in dogs and cats","volume":"23","author":"Shmuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care San Antonio (San Antonio)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0215","article-title":"Effects of clopidogrel and presnisone on platelet function in healthy dogs","author":"Thomason","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med. ePub ahead of print."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2019.02.001","article-title":"Effect of sildenafil and pimobendan on intracardiac heartworm infections in four dogs","volume":"23","author":"Tjostheim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.1155","article-title":"Elevated endothelin-1 expression in dogs with heartwormDisease","volume":"67","author":"Uchide","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0230","first-page":"231","article-title":"Adulticide efficacy of RM 340 in dogs with mild and severe natural infections","author":"Vezzoni","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Heartworm Society Symposium"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0235","first-page":"173","article-title":"Evaluation of cardiopulmonary and inflammatory markers in dogs with heartworm infection during treatment with the 2014 American Heartworm Society recommended treatment protocol","volume":"10","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131_bib0240","series-title":"Diroban\u00ae [package insert], Kalamzoo Michigan","author":"Zoetis Inc","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401720301114?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401720301114?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T01:32:59Z","timestamp":1759627979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304401720301114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0304401720301114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-4017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-4017","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Treatment of dogs with severe heartworm disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109131","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109131"}}