{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:33:11Z","timestamp":1778002391599,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022170","name":"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001503","name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001503","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T23:49:09Z","timestamp":1753832949000},"page":"110558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Shifting Paradigms: Imidocarb dipropionate as an alternative chemotherapeutic strategy for Trypanosoma evansi infection in animals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"338","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3756-3996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snehil","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khushboo","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukhdeep","family":"Vohra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surbhi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruma","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2958-2193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajender","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32521-9","article-title":"Clinicopathological aspects of imidocarb dipropionate toxicity in horses","volume":"31","author":"Adams","year":"1981","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3311-4","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of trypanosoma evansi","volume":"12","author":"Aregawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib3","first-page":"129","article-title":"Polyamine function in trypanosomatids: activation of cytoplasmic \u03b1-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase by cationic trypanocides","volume":"2","author":"Bacchi","year":"1978","journal-title":"Adv. Polyam. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(81)80011-1","article-title":"Prevention by polyamines of the curative effect of amicarbalide and imidocarb for trypanosoma brucei infections in mice","volume":"30","author":"Bacchi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.03.001","article-title":"Antiprotozoal treatment of canine babesiosis","volume":"254","author":"Baneth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105040","article-title":"Comparison of therapeutic efficacy of different drugs against trypanosoma vivax on experimentally infected cattle","volume":"181","author":"Bastos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1976.37.07.811","article-title":"Clinical, histologic, and histochemical study of imidocarb dipropionate toxicosis in goats","volume":"37","author":"Corrier","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib8","first-page":"161","article-title":"Tripanossom\u00edase em bovinos no estado do rio de janeiro","volume":"36","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3109\/01480545.2011.589449","article-title":"Alterations of blood parameters after intramuscular administration of imidocarb in healthy lambs","volume":"35","author":"Ekici","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001268","article-title":"The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review","volume":"143","author":"Giordani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-022-03228-1","article-title":"In vitro anti-trypanosomal effect of ivermectin on trypanosoma evansi by targeting multiple metabolic pathways","volume":"54","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2022.102632","article-title":"Gene expression study to elucidate the anti-trypanosomal activity of quinapyramine methyl sulphate (QPS)","volume":"91","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.56093\/ijans.v94i10.153120","article-title":"Study of mRNA expression of thirteen genes of trypanosoma evansi in response to diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride","volume":"94","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2023.111562","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of efficacy of berberine chloride: Phyto-alternative approach against trypanosoma evansi infection","volume":"254","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(76)90110-7","article-title":"trypanosoma brucei: a rapid \u201cmatching\u201d method for estimating the host's parasitemia","volume":"40","author":"Herbert","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12945","article-title":"Atypical human trypanosomosis: potentially emerging disease with lack of understanding","volume":"69","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Hlth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact estimation of animal trypanosomosis (surra) on livestock productivity in India using simulation model: current and future perspective","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026616666160413125453","article-title":"Recent development in identification of potential novel therapeutic targets against trypanosomatids","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 16(20)"},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1377-1008","article-title":"Diagnosis and successful treatment of an Austrian dog infected with trypanosoma congolense forest type","volume":"49","author":"Leschnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tier. \u00e4rztliche Prax. Ausg. K Kleintier \/Heimtiere"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212 \u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib21","first-page":"xii","article-title":"Manual of histologic staining methods of the armed forces institute of pathology","author":"Luna","year":"1968","journal-title":"Man. Histol. Stain. Methods Armed Forces Inst. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(82)90032-9","article-title":"Effects of exogenous polyamine and trypanocides on the DNA polymerase activities from trypanosoma brucei brucei, mouse thymus and murine leukemia virus","volume":"5","author":"Marcus","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6604-8_26","article-title":"The prophylactic activity of imidocarb against tick-transmitted parasitic infections","author":"McHardy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vet. Pharm. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30565-4","article-title":"Efficacy, toxicity and metabolism of imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of babesia ovis infection in sheep","volume":"41","author":"McHardy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712799828355","article-title":"Current advances in detection and treatment of babesiosis","volume":"19","author":"Mosqueda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1979.tb04215.x","article-title":"Curative effects of the antipiroplasms amicarbalide and imidocarb on trypanosoma brucei infection in mice","volume":"26","author":"Nathan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib27","first-page":"68","article-title":"Comparative therapeutic efficacy of imidocarb di-propionate and diminazene aceturate in rats experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei","volume":"8","author":"Nwoha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib28","series-title":"Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook","author":"Plumb","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.426","article-title":"Guidelines for accurate EC50\/IC50 estimation","author":"Sebaugh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Stat. 10(2)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782008000500025","article-title":"Aceturato de diminazeno e dipropionato de imidocarb no controle de infec\u00e7\u00e3o por Trypanosoma evansi em Rattus norvegicus infectados experimentalmente","volume":"38","author":"Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0465-z","article-title":"Diagnosis of trypanosoma evansi in bovines by indirect ELISA","volume":"40","author":"Sivajothi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100533","article-title":"Drug resistance in animal trypanosomiases: epidemiology, mechanisms and control strategies","author":"Ungogo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Res. 100533."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.38137\/vftd.1141522","article-title":"Imidocarb use in animals","volume":"13","author":"Uslu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Farm. ve Toksikoloji Derne\u011fi B\u00fclteni"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270130","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two imidocarb formulations in cattle after subcutaneous injection","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.4.622-636.2003","article-title":"babesia divergens, a bovine blood parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance","volume":"16","author":"Zintl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401725001694?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401725001694?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T05:59:11Z","timestamp":1772776751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304401725001694"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0304401725001694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-4017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-4017","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Shifting Paradigms: Imidocarb dipropionate as an alternative chemotherapeutic strategy for Trypanosoma evansi infection in animals","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110558","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110558"}}