{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T10:45:24Z","timestamp":1776509124992,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:36:38Z","timestamp":1775666198000},"page":"110769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Giardia duodenalis cysts induce bovine neutrophil extracellular trap formation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"344","author":[{"given":"Yifei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongsen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuhai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qixi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenhan","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5918-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ershun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengtao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2019.12.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis and post-infectious complications in giardiasis","volume":"107","author":"Allain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2006.11.009","article-title":"Neutrophils and intracellular pathogens: beyond phagocytosis and killing","volume":"15","author":"Appelberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26794","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.572495","article-title":"Mitochondria regulate neutrophil activation by generating ATP for autocrine purinergic signaling","volume":"289","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2001.00094.x","article-title":"Genome ploidy in different stages of the Giardia lamblia life cycle","volume":"3","author":"Bernander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2018.08.014","article-title":"Stimulus-dependent chromatin dynamics, citrullination, calcium signalling and ROS production during NET formation","volume":"1865","author":"de Bont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414055112","article-title":"SK3 channel and mitochondrial ROS mediate NADPH oxidase-independent NETosis induced by calcium influx","volume":"112","author":"Douda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45210-5","article-title":"PRL2 regulates neutrophil extracellular trap formation which contributes to severe malaria and acute lung injury","volume":"15","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib9","first-page":"47","article-title":"An up-date on Giardia and giardiasis","volume":"34","author":"Einarsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol. Growth development Eukaryotes * Growth development Prokaryotes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020586","article-title":"Cytonemes Versus Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Fight of Neutrophils with Microbes","volume":"21","author":"Galkina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C348","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00108.2013","article-title":"Pivotal role for the mTOR pathway in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps via regulation of autophagy","volume":"305","author":"Itakura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2025.152894","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis triggered neutrophil extracellular traps in goats","volume":"230","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4294","article-title":"An emerging role for neutrophil extracellular traps in noninfectious disease","volume":"23","author":"Jorch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2938","article-title":"Immune cell regulation by autocrine purinergic signalling","volume":"11","author":"Junger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.029","article-title":"Molecular evidence for zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis among dairy farm workers in West Bengal, India","volume":"178","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib16","first-page":"415","article-title":"Autophagy Pathways in the Genesis of Plasmodium-Derived Microvesicles: A Double-Edged Sword?","volume":"12","author":"Leleu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Basel Switz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.12.018","article-title":"Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease","volume":"132","author":"Levine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01112-5","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by the hypoxic microenvironment in gastric cancer augment tumour growth","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal. CCS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126758","article-title":"ERK\/p38\/ROS burst responses to environmentally relevant concentrations of diphenyl phosphate-evoked neutrophil extracellular traps formation: Assessing the role of autophagy","volume":"421","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2022.109841","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis trophozoites triggered bovine neutrophil extracellular traps formation dependent on P2X1 receptor and PAD4 in vitro","volume":"312","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1451284","article-title":"Secreted Giardia intestinalis cysteine proteases disrupt intestinal epithelial cell junctional complexes and degrade chemokines","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12015","article-title":"The influence of agents differentiating HL-60 cells toward granulocyte-like cells on their ability to release neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"96","author":"Manda-Handzlik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01452-x","article-title":"Strategies of neutrophil diversification","volume":"24","author":"Palomino-Segura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease","volume":"18","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2013.00065","article-title":"Activation of AMPK enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and bacterial killing","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Camb. Mass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.794","article-title":"Hyperendemic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in households lacking municipal sewer and water on the United States-Mexico border","volume":"66","author":"Redlinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2010.150","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap cell death requires both autophagy and superoxide generation","volume":"21","author":"Remijsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.05.015","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate a host defense response to human immunodeficiency virus-1","volume":"12","author":"Saitoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109463","article-title":"Oleuropein activates autophagy to circumvent anti-plasmodial defense","volume":"27","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030521","article-title":"Laminin triggers neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and modulates NET release induced by leishmania amazonensis","volume":"10","author":"Silva-Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53058-9","article-title":"ATP amplifies NADPH-dependent and -independent neutrophil extracellular trap formation","volume":"9","author":"Sofoluwe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139569","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi and Its Soluble Antigens Induce NET Release by Stimulating Toll-Like Receptors","volume":"10","author":"Sousa-Rocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00606","article-title":"Bovine Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Cast Neutrophil Extracellular Traps against the Abortive Parasite Neospora caninum","volume":"8","author":"Villagra-Blanco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.51.3.647-651.1986","article-title":"Excystation and culturing of human and animal Giardia spp. by using gerbils and TYI-S-33 medium","volume":"51","author":"Wallis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b05948","article-title":"Zearalenone Induces Estrogen-Receptor-Independent Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Release in Vitro","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010143","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Model Induced by Monosodium Urate and Phorbol Myristate Acetate: Involvement in MAPK Signaling Pathways","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib37","article-title":"The release of zearalenone-induced heterophil extracellular traps in chickens is associated with autophagy, glycolysis, PAD enzyme, and P2X1 receptor","volume":"102","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf2445","article-title":"Synthetic neutrophil extracellular traps dissect bactericidal contribution of NETs under regulation of \u03b1-1-antitrypsin","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-04-457671","article-title":"NETosis: how vital is it?","volume":"122","author":"Yipp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"59","key":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769_bib40","first-page":"15","article-title":"Giardiasis surveillance - United States","volume":"2002","author":"Yoder","year":"2010","journal-title":"2006-2008. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Surveill. Summ. Wash. DC"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401726000889?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304401726000889?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T10:10:05Z","timestamp":1776507005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304401726000889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0304401726000889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-4017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-4017","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Giardia duodenalis cysts induce bovine neutrophil extracellular trap formation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2026.110769","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110769"}}